Biotechnology (4th LE)

Question 1

Double stranded

Strands are complementary to each other

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to another nucleic acid

Answer 2

Nucleic acid hybridization

Question 3

Laboratory techniques used to study and manipulate DNA

Used to analyze gene expression

Answer 3

DNA Technology

Question 4

The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

Answer 4

Biotechnology

Question 5

Direct manipulation or genes for practical purposes

Cor of gene cloning

Answer 5

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)

Question 6

First automated procedure in sequencing

Answer 6

Sanger Method

Question 7

Another name for sanger method

Answer 7

Dideoxyribonucleotuide (or dideoxy) chain terminating sequence

Question 8

Developed the sanger method

Answer 8

Frederick Sanger

Question 9

High throughput
Real-time result
Based on sequencing by synthesis

Answer 9

Next Generation DNA Sequencing

Question 10

Used to synthesize a stretch of DNA from a single-stranded template, and the order in which nucleotides are added revels the sequence

Answer 10

DNA polymerase

Question 11

Third generation
A single molecule of DNA or RNA can be sequenced without the need for PCR amplification or chemcial labeling of the sample

Answer 11

Nanopore Sequencing

Question 12

Nanopore Sequencing principle

Answer 12

Each type or base interupts the electrical current for a slightly different length of time

Question 13

A process of producing multiple copies of a gene dor the analysis and manipulation of DNA

Answer 13

Gene cloning (or DNA cloning)

Question 14

The first to be performed during DNA manipulation

Answer 14

DNA Extraction

Question 15

Used to rapidly amplify a specific target gene segment in a DNA

Answer 15

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 16

Introduced PCR

Answer 16

Kary Mullis in 1985

Question 17

An equipment that enables the PCR reaction

Answer 17

Thermal cycler (PCR machine)

Question 18

Steps in PCR

Answer 18

Heat denaturation at 94C
Cooling
Synthesis of new DNA
REPEAT

Question 19

Usual number of cycles in PCR

Answer 19

30 cycles which would yield up to 10^9 fold increase

Question 20

Two limitations of PCR

Answer 20

Sequences should be know otherwise primers cannot be made

Limit of DNA sequence that can be copied

Question 21

Three techniques in studying PCR products

Answer 21

Gel electrophoresis
Cloning
Sequencing

Question 22

Uses a gel to separate out a mixture or nucleic acid fragments by length/size

Answer 22

Gel Electrophoresis

Question 23

Staining that makes DNA fragments clearly visible under UV

Answer 23

Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) staining

Question 24

Small, circular DNA capable of independent replication

Answer 24

Plasmid

Question 25

Used as a vector in recombinant DNA technology

Answer 25

Plasmid

Question 26

Steps in gene cloning

Answer 26

``` Insertion of DNA Vector transports gene into host Multiplication within host Division of host cell A clone is produced ```

Question 27

Recognize and cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides

Answer 27

Restriction Enzymes

Question 28

Examples of restriction enzyme

Answer 28

EcoRI Xbal Xhol

Question 29

Used in analyzing the result of restriction endonuclease cleavage

Answer 29

Gel electrophoresis

Question 30

Seal the base-paired fragments (after restriction enzyme digestion) producing recombinant DNA molecules

Answer 30

DNA ligase

Question 31

Uptake of DNA from the medium by bacterial cell | Use of heat shock

Answer 31

Transformation

Question 32

DNA uptake through the use of electric shock

Answer 32

Electroporation

Question 33

Equivalent to transformation, the only difference being that phage DNA rather than a plasmid is involved

Answer 33

Transfection

Question 34

Introducing DNA into the cells that involve bombardment with high velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA

Answer 34

Biolistics

Question 35

Another name for biolistics

Answer 35

Gene Gun

Question 36

Cells without cell walls

Answer 36

Protoplast

Question 37

Process that may be spontaneous or it may be induced

Answer 37

Protoplast Fusion

Question 38

Method of introducing new DNA into a cell by injecting it directly into the nucleus

Answer 38

Microinjection

Question 39

Recombinant DNA molecule can be inserted into a cell by:

Answer 39

``` Transformation Electroporation Transfection Biolistics Protoplast Fusion Microinjection ```

Question 40

Methods to verify your gene of interest was successfully cloned

Answer 40

Blue-white screening Restriction enzyme digestion Colony PCR DNA sequencing

Question 41

Use bacterial lactose metabolism as an indicator

Answer 41

Blue-white screening

Question 42

Color if the DNA insert is present

Answer 42

White

Question 43

Color if the DNA insert is not present

Answer 43

Blue

Question 44

Checks the presence and direction of your insert

Answer 44

Restriction enzyme digestion

Question 45

The most rapid screening method in determining presence of the DNA insert

Answer 45

Colony PCR

Question 46

The most accurate way | Verifies presence and exact sequence of inserted DNA

Answer 46

DNA Sequencing

Question 47

The complete set of genes present in a cell or organism

Answer 47

Genome

Question 48

Total mRNA molecules expressed from the genes of an organism in a given environmental condition

Answer 48

Transcriptome

Question 49

Total proteins present in an organism under a given environmental condition

Answer 49

Proteome

Question 50

A discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes

Answer 50

Genomics

Question 51

Used to determine the regulatory potential of a DNA sequence that is unknown

Answer 51

Reporter Gene Assay

Question 52

Used to detect specific RNA molecules present within an RNA mixture Used to determine the RNA expression of certain genes

Answer 52

Northern Blotting

Question 53

Used to detect specific protein molecules within a protein mixture Can help in determining protein size and expression

Answer 53

Western Blotting

Question 54

Used to visualize copy number aberrations such as the deletion, translocation or amplification of chromosomes

Answer 54

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

Question 55

Most sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying mRNA | Extremely small sample sizes can be used in the quantification of mRNA

Answer 55

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

Question 56

A solid surface to which a collection or microscopic DNA spots are attached

Answer 56

DNA microarray

Question 57

Another name for DNA microarray

Answer 57

Biochip | DNA chip

Question 58

Used to sequence the cDNAs corresponding to RNAs from the cells

Answer 58

RNA sequencing (RNA seq)

Question 59

Used if the gene of interest has an unknown function

Answer 59

Inactivation of the gene

Question 60

Another name for inactivation of the gene

Answer 60

Gene Knockout

Question 61

A system that allows researchers to edit genes in living cells in a specific, desired way

Answer 61

CRISPR-Cas9

Question 62

CRISPR-Cas9

Answer 62

Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats

Question 63

Advantages of using CRISPR-Cas9

Answer 63

``` Latest technology Faster Cheaper More accurate More efficient ```

Question 64

Applications of DNA Technology

Answer 64

``` Medical Field DNA Forensics Manufacturing Industry Agriculture Environment ```

Question 65

Altering the genes to treat or stop disease

Answer 65

Gene Therapy