History Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
What is Microbiology?
A
Study of organisms and agents too small to be seen by the naked eye
2
Q
Longest known bacterium
A
Epulopiscium, with paramecium
3
Q
“Sulfur Pearl of Namibia”
A
Thiomargarita namibiensis
4
Q
New definition of microbiology
A
Study of organcisms that can exist as a single cell, contain nucleic acid genome, and capable of replicating that genome
5
Q
Importance of Microorganism
A
First living organism Live everywhere life is possible More in number than others Global ecosystem depends on their activities Influence human society
6
Q
Basic Microbiology
A
Bacteria Archaea Algae Fungi Protozoa Viruses
7
Q
Bacteria. Uni or Multi?
A
Unicellular
8
Q
Bacteria. Eukaryote or prokaryote?
A
Prokaryote
9
Q
Found in cell walls of bacteria
A
Peptidoglycan
10
Q
Division of bacteria
A
Binary Fission
11
Q
May be possessed by bacteria
A
Flagella
12
Q
Pneumonia-causing bacteria
A
Haemophilus influenzae
13
Q
Archae. Eukaryote or prokaryote?
A
Prokaryote
14
Q
Lacking in archaea cell wall
A
Peptidoglycan
15
Q
Found in extreme environments
A
Archaea
16
Q
Adapted to high salt concentrations
A
Halophiles
17
Q
Methane producers
A
Methanogens
18
Q
Adapted to high temperature
A
Thermophiles
19
Q
Adapted to high pressure
A
Barophiles
20
Q
Mushroom, yeasts, molds
A
Fungi
21
Q
Fungi. Eukaryote or prokaryote?
A
Eukaryote
22
Q
Fungi. Uni or Multi?
A
Could be both
23
Q
Found in true fungi’s cell walls
A
Chitin
24
Q
Found in molds
A
Mycelia
25
Long filaments in mycelia
Hyphae
26
Cottony growth found on bread and fruit
Mold mycelia
27
How does fungi obtain nutrients?
Absorbing organic material from their environment
28
Common bread mold
Mucor sp.
29
Protozoa. Uni or Multi?
Unicellular
30
Protozoa. Eukaryote or Prokaryote?
Eukaryote
31
Protoza are moved by
Pseudopods
Flagella
Cilia
32
Protozoa obtain food by
Absorption
| Ingestion
33
Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually?
Both sexual and asexual
34
Example of protozoa
Amoeba
35
Algae. Uni or Multi?
May be both
36
Algae. Eukaryote or Prokaryote?
Eukaryote
37
Algae reproduce sexually or asexually?
Both sexual or asexual
38
Algae cell wall composition
Cellulose (like plants)
39
Algae obtain nourishment by
Photosynthesis
40
Algae produce
Oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms
41
Algae are found in
Freshwater
Saltwater
Soil
Plants
42
Example of algae
Volvox sp.
43
Noncellular entities that are parasites of cells
Virus
44
Virus consists of
Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat
45
May surround virus coat
Envelope
46
Virus reproduction
Reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms
47
Virus. Living or Nonliving?
Nonliving because they are inert outside living hosts
48
Rabies virus
Rhabdovirus
49
Other virus examples
Zika virus
| Dengue virus
50
Applied Microbiology
```
Medical Microbiology
Immunology
Public Health Microbiology
Food and Dairy Microbiology
Industrial
Agricultural
Microbial Ecology
```
51
Nomenclature of Microbiology. Established by
Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
52
Scientific name are from
Latin words
53
Scientific names composition
Genus and species name; underlined or italicized
54
Staphylococcus aureau. Staphylo
Clustered arrangement of cells
55
Staphylococcus aureau. Coccus
Sphere-like shapes
56
Staphylococcus aureau. Aureus
Golden, color of many colonies of this bacterium
57
Founded by Theodor Escherich
Escherichia coli
| Coli - found in colon
58
Made the first simple light microscope (3-10x)
Zacharias Jansen (1597)
59
Made the simple compound microscope (30x)
Robert Hooke - 1665
60
Laid foundation of cell theory
Robert Hooke - 1665
61
First to oberserve microorganisms
| "wee animalcules"
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670)
62
The conflict
Spontaneous generation theory
Vs
Biogensis theory
63
Life from non-living matter
| Vital source required
Spontaneous generation theory
64
Life begets life
Biogenesis theory
65
Negated spontaneous generation. Maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat
Francesco Redi (1668)
66
Strengthened spontaneous generation. Microorganisms arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth
John Needham - 1745
67
Suggested that Needham's result were due to microorganisms entering the broth
Lazzaro Spallanzani - 1765
68
SG supporters claim
Air was required for the vital force to work; vital force was destroyed by heat
69
Passed air through strong acids but no microorganisms formed
Franz Schule
70
Passed air through red-hot tubes but no microorganisms formed
Theodor Schwann
71
SG supporters claim
Strong acids and heat altered the air so it cannot support microbial growth
72
Filtered air through sterile cotton wool but no microbial growth found
Georg Friedrich Schroder
Theodor von Dusch
1850
73
Introduced the concept of biogenesis
| Life begets life
Rudolf Virchom - 1858
74
Father of modern microbiology
| Introduced pastuerization
Louis Pastuer - 1861
75
Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms
| Provided evidenxe for the existence of heat-resistant bacteria
John Tyndall (1820-1893)
76
Discovered the existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
77
Diseases are caused by specific agents called germs
Germ Theory of Disease
78
Said that disease was caused by invisible living creatures
Grolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
79
Showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan
Louis Pasteur
80
Showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus
Agostino Bassi (1773-1856)
81
Demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a Fungus
Miles Joseph Berkeley (ca. 1845)
82
Showed that smut and rust fungus caused cereal crop diseases
Heinrich Anton de Bary (1853)
83
Asepsis in obstetrical wards to prevent the transmission of childbed fever from patient to patient
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1861)
84
"Father of Antiseptic Urgery"
Joseph Lister (1867)
85
Established relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
Robert Koch
| Koch's Postulates
86
Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox
Edward Jenner (ca. 1798)
87
Last smallpox case
Somalia in 1977
88
Year smallpox was declared by WHO as eradicated
1979
89
Developed porcelain bacterial filter
| Isolated the first viruses studied
Charles Chamberlan (1851-1908)
90
Developed 606th compound SALVARSAN (inorganic arsenical to treat syphilis)
Paul Ehrlich
91
Dicovered "miracle drug" penicillin from Penicillium
Alexander Fleming
92
Developed pastuerization to preserve wine
Louis Pasteur
93
Cell-free fermentation
| Extract from yeast cells
Eduard Buchner
