Inflammatory Response (4th LE)

Question 1

The irritant sets into motion a process that limits the extent of the injury

Answer 1

Inflammatory Response

Question 2

Blood accumulation

Answer 2

Redness

Question 3

Heat of the blood

Answer 3

Warmth

Question 4

Fluid accumulation

Answer 4

Swelling

Question 5

Injury to local nerve

Answer 5

Pain

Question 6

Nonspecific reaction to harmful stimuli (toxins and pathogens)
Mediated by cytokines
Can be local or systemic

Answer 6

Inflammation

Question 7

Lead to inflammtion in a small part of the body, followed by healing

Answer 7

Local infection

Question 8

Leads to inflammation and disease throughout the body

Answer 8

Systemic infection

Question 9

Elevated body temperature

Triggered by cytokines especially pyrogens

Answer 9

Fever

Question 10

Elevated body temperature

Answer 10

From 37C to 38-40C

Question 11

Life threatening body temperature

Answer 11

> 40C

Question 12

Released by macrophages and by toxins from pathogens

Answer 12

Pyrogens

Question 13

Cytokines signal hypothalamus to produce

Answer 13

Prostaglandins

Question 14

Chemical that elevate body temperature and causes fever

Answer 14

Prostaglandins

Question 15

Inhibits growth of most pathogens

Answer 15

Fever

Question 16

Incontrolled systemic inflammation that is life-threatening

Answer 16

Septic shock

Question 17

Activator/signaling molecules that enhances immune response by recruiting imune cells to sites of infection

Answer 17

Cytokines

Question 18

Subclass of cytokines
Recruits immune cells to sites of injury/infection

Answer 18

Chemokines

Question 19

Not stored inside cells

Quickly synthesized and secreted in response to infection

Answer 19

Interleukin

Question 20

A small cytokine

Helps healthy cells ward off viral infection

Answer 20

Interferon

Question 21

How phagocytes recognize pathogens?

Answer 21

PAMPs

PRRs

Question 22

PAMPs

Answer 22

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Question 23

PRRs

Answer 23

Pattern recognition receptors

Question 24

Pathogen markers found in surface pf pathogens

Answer 24

PAMPs

Question 25

Example of PAMPs

Answer 25

LPS Flagellin dsRNA of viruses Lipoteichoic acids

Question 26

Displayed on surface of phagocytes

Answer 26

PRRs

Question 27

Widely expressed on mammalian innate immunity cells

Answer 27

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 28

Activation of phagocytosis

Answer 28

PAMPs + PRRs

Question 29

Composed of soluble proteins that catalyze bacterial opsonization and cell lysis

Answer 29

Complement System

Question 30

Coating of pathogens with antimicrobial host proteins, such as antibodies or C3b, resulting in enhanced phagocytosis or target cells

Answer 30

Opsonization

Question 31

Any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling

Answer 31

Opsonin

Question 32

3 pathways of complement system activation coverge

Answer 32

Inflammatory response Lysis of foreign cells Opsonization

Question 33

Other indication of infecting or healing

Answer 33

Pus | Coagulation

Question 34

A fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues

Answer 34

Pus

Question 35

Mechanisms to stop bleeding | Involves platelets, coagulation factors, and vitamin K

Answer 35

Coagulation

Question 36

Acquired immunity Mediated by B and T lymphocytes Has memory Has tolerance

Answer 36

Adaptive Immunity

Question 37

Specificity of adaptive immunity

Answer 37

Each cell responds to a single epitope Detects antigens Distinguish between host and foreign antigen

Question 38

Two types of adaptive immunity

Answer 38

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity | Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity

Question 39

Particularly effective against pathogens

Answer 39

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

Question 40

Leads to killing of pathogen infected cells througg recognition of pathogen antigens found on infected host cells

Answer 40

Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity

Question 41

Produce antibodies | Activated by helper T cells

Answer 41

B lymphocyte

Question 42

Two types of T lymphocyte

Answer 42

T-helper cells | T-cytotoxic (killer) cells

Question 43

Belong to the gamma-globulin fraction of serum proteins

Answer 43

Immunoglobulins

Question 44

2 identical heavy chains | 2 identical light chains

Answer 44

Y-shaped or T-shaped polypeptides

Question 45

Function of immunoglobulins

Answer 45

Neutralization | Opsonisation

Question 46

Two types of adaptive immunity responses

Answer 46

Primary | Secondary

Question 47

Production of specific clones of effector T cells and memory clones

Answer 47

Primary response

Question 48

More pronounced, faster | More effective at limiting the infection

Answer 48

Secondary response

Question 49

Preparation of a disease-causing agent or its product used to induce active immunity

Answer 49

Vaccines

Question 50

A weakened form of the disease-causing microbe or virus that is generally unable to cause disease

Answer 50

Attenuated vaccine

Question 51

May contain killer microbes or inactivated viruses or fractions of the microbe

Answer 51

Inactivated vaccines

Question 52

Immune response can fail leading to

Answer 52

Hypersensitivity Allergy Autoimmunity

Question 53

Loss or inadequate function of various components of the immune system

Answer 53

Immunodeficiency

Question 54

Two types of immunodeficiency

Answer 54

Congenital (primary) | Acquired (secondary)

Question 55

Genetic abnormality

Answer 55

Congenital (primary) immunodeficiency

Question 56

Results from infections, nutritional deficiencies or treatments

Answer 56

Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency

Question 57

Examoles of acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 57

AIDS | Chronic leukemia