Bacterial Genetics Flashcards by Dyan Valencia

Science concerned with hereditary and variation

Genetics

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Most common bacterial reproduction and important in bacterial growth cycle

Asexual Mode

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Exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules to form combination of genes in a chromose

Gene recombination

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Change in the base sequence of cell/organism which may occur naturally or through induction by agents

Mutations

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Bacteral reproduction where bacteria are not differentiated to somatic or gametic cells

Sexual Mode

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2 functional/mating types

Donor (male)

Recipient (female)

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Involves a unidirectional transfer of a portion of DNA from donor or recipient

Sexual Mode

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Gene transfer =

Genetic recombination

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Genetic recombination =

Changes

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Changes =

Variations

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Metods of genetic transfer

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Protoplast Fusion

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Transfer of genetic information via cell-to-cell contact

Conjugation

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Extra chromosal, independently replicating DNA found in bacteria and yeasts

Plasmids

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Plasmid that can exist with or without being integrated into the host’s chromosome

Episome

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Have genes for sex pili (transfer gene)

Conjugative plasmids

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Fertility factor - genes for cell attachment, genes for transfer

F factor

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Contains extra chromosomal F factor (donor)

F+

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No F factor (recipient)

F-

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High frequency of recombination
F factor integrated into bacterial chromosme
Donor

Hfr

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Transfer of bacterial genes by viruses (most common mechanism)

Transduction

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Two kinds of transduction

Generalized

Specialized / Restricted

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Occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent and temperate viruses
Host DNA derived from any portion of the host genome becomes a part of the DNA of the virion in place of the virus’ genome

Generalized Transduction

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Occurs only in some temperate viruses

Involves transfer of specific region of the host chromosome into the virus replacing some of the viral genes

Specialized / Restricted Transduction

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Uptake by a cell of a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium and the incorporation of this molecule into the recipient chromosome
Contact with competent cell (able to take up DNA)

Transformation

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Used in microorganisms with NO known conjugation system | Enzymes are used to digest cell wall to produce protoplasts

Protoplast Fusion

Industrially important aerobic organisms that convert ethanol into acetic acid (vinegar)

Acetobacter | Gluconobacter

Obligate intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites Responsible for a number of diseases known as the spotted fever group

Rickettsia sp.

Causes endemic murine typhus

R. typhi

Rickettsia-like bacteria that live obligately within white blood cells Trabsmitted by ticks to humans and cause ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichia sp.

Freshwater microorganism

Caulobacter | Hyphomicrobium

Agriculturally important bacteria

Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium Agrobacterium

Small nonmotile coccobacilli | Obligate parasites and cause brucellosis

Brucella sp.

Genera of nitrifying bacteria that are of great importance to the environment and to agriculture

Nitrobacter | Nitrosomonas

Most common infectious bacterial genus in the world | Live only inside the cells of their hosts

Wolbachia

Found mainly in freshwater

Spirillum

Pseudomonas-like, aerobic

Burkholderia

Best known species of Burkholderia and has an extraordinary nutritional spectrum and is capable of degrading more than 100 different organic molecules. These bacteria may actually grow in disinfectant solutions.

Burkholderia cepacia

Aerobic

Neisseria

Causative agent of gonorrhoea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Agent of meningococcal meningitis

N. meningitidis

Aerobic rods or cocci with polar flagella

Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Nitrogen fixing bacteria | Free living in soil

Azotobacter | Azomonas

Strictly aerobic coccobacilli

Moraxella

Implicated in conjunctivitis

Moraxella lacunata

Aerobic and typically forms pairs | Occurs naturally in soil and water

Acinetobacter

Increasing concern to the medical community because of rapidity with which it becomes resistant to antibiotics

Acinetobacter baumanii

Originally isolated during a search for the cause of an outbreak of pneumonia now known as legionellosis

Legionella

Require mammalian host to reproduce | Most commonly transmitted by contaminated milk

Coxiella

Causes Q fever

Coxiella burnetii

Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods | Found mostly in aquatic habitats

Vibrio

Causative agent of cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Causes a less serious form of gastroenteritis | Transmitted to humans mostly by raw or undercooked shellfish

V. parahaemolyticus

Facultative anaerobic, gram negative rods that are if motile, peritrichously flagellated

Enterobacteriales | e.g. escherichia, salmonella, shigella etc.

Very important genus of pathogenic bacteria

Haemophilus

Cause of meningitis in young children and is a frequent cause of earaches Causes epiglottis

Haemophilus influenzae

The best studied sulfur reducing genus | Found in aerobic sediments and in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals

Desulfovibrio

Microaerophilic vibrios | Each cell has one polar flagellum

Campylobacter

Causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals

Campylobacter fetus

A leading cause of outbreak of foodborne intestinal disease

Campylobacter jejuni

Microaerophilic curved roots with multiple flagella

Helicobacter

Identified as the most common cause of peptic ulcers in humans and a cause of stomach cancer

Helicobacter pylori

Pathogenic bacteria that may cause trachoma (one of the most common cause of blindness)

Chlamydia | Chlamydia trachomatis

Live in human intestinal tract in numbers approaching 1 billion per gram of feces; Nonmotile

Bacteroides

Long, slender, gram negative rods with pointed rather than blunt ends Found most often in the gingival crevice of the gums and may be responsible for some dental abscesses

Fusobacterium

A spirochetes

Treponema

Cause of syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease, serious diseases that are usually transmitted by ticks or lice

Borrelia

Causes leptospirosis | A disease usually spread to humans by water contaminated

Leptospira

Exceptionally resistant to radiation, even more so than endospores

Deinococcus radiodurans

A bacterium is unusually heat stable | It was isolated from a hot spring in yellowstone national park

Thermus aquaticus

Obligate anaerobes Rods Endospore formers

Clostridium

Causes tetanus

Clostridium tetani

Causes botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Causes gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea

Clostridium perfringens

An inhabitant of the intestinal tract that may cause a serious diarrhea

Clostridium difficile

Rods Endospore formers Common in soil and only a few are pathogenic to humans Several species produce antibiotics

Bacillus

Causes anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

A common bacterium in the enivronment and occasionally is identified as a cause of food poisoning, especially in strachy foods such as rice

Bacillus ceres

Occus in grapelike clusters | Facultative anaerobes

Staphylococcus

Can cause skin infections and food poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus

Industrially important lactic-acid producing bacteria Aerotolerant Located in the vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity

Lactobacillus

Spherical, gram positive bacteria that typicalky appear in chains There are pathogenic and non pathogenic strains

Streptococcus

A beta-hemolytic streptococcus | Causes scarlet fever, pharyngitis, erysipelas, impetigo, and rheumatic fever

Streptococcus pyogenes

Adapted to area of the body that are rich in nutrients but low in oxygen, such as gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and oral cavity Have high resistance to most antibiotics

Enterococcus

Responsible for much of the infections of surgical wounds and the urinary tract

Enterococcus faecalis | Enterococcus faecium

The cause of a common form of mild pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Can contaminate food, especially dairy products Capable of growth at refigeration temperatures Poses threat of stillbirth or serious damage to the fetus if it infects pregnant women

Listeria monocytogenes

Aerobic | Non-endospore forming rods

Mycobacterium

Causes tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Causes leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

Tend to be pleomorphic and their morphology often varies with the age of the cells

Corynebacterium

Causative agent of diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Produces propionic acid | Some species are important in the fermentation of Swiss chees

Propionibacterium

Bacteria that are commonly found on human skin and are implicated as the primary bacterial cause of acne

Propionibacterium acnes

The best know of the actinomyces and is one of the bacteria most commonly isolated from soil Strict aerobes Valuable because the produce most of our commercialantibiotics

Streptomyces

Facultative anaerobes that are found in the mouth and throat of humans and animals

Actinomyces

Causes actinomycosis, a tissue destroying disease usually affecting the head, neck, or lungs

Actinomyces israelii

Morphologicalky resembles Actinomyces; however, these bacteria are aerobic; they are often acid-fast; common in soil

Nocardia

Occasionally cause a chronic, difficult-to-treat pulmonary infection Causative agents of mycetoma, a localized destructive infection of the feet and hands

Nocardia asteroides

Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

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