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Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 principles of cell theory

A

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cell - basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
Cells arise from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Basic cell features

A

Plasma membrane - covering
Cytosol - found in cytoplasm
DNA - genetic material
Ribosomes - protein synthesis

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3
Q

Most important tool in studying the cell

A

Microscopes

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4
Q

Separates cell components based on size and density

A

Cell fractionation

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5
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of life

A

Cell

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6
Q

Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

Cells that lack organelles

A

Prokaryotic

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8
Q

Critical step in the evolution of eukaryotes

Fusion between 2 different prokaryotic cell with different function

A

Endosymbiosis

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9
Q

Prokaryotes example

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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10
Q

Eukaryotes example

A

Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants

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11
Q

Aka cell membrane
Barrier of the cell to its surroundings
Allows passage

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

Refers to all cell components bounded by plasma mebrane

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Plasma membrane composition

A

Double layer of phospholipids

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14
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A 
As enzymes
Transport proteins
As receptor sites
Cell to cell recognition
Cell adhesion
Attachment to cytoskeleton
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15
Q

Contains most of the genes/DNA

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Nucleus is enclose by

A

Nuclear envelope

- double membraned, separating it from cytoplasm

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17
Q

Essential in transport of proteins in nucleus

A

Pore complexes

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18
Q

DNA areangement structure

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Complex of DNA and protein (histone) that makes up the chromosome

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

Complex machinery for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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22
Q

Endomembrane system

A 
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
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23
Q

Little network within the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Flattened sacs inside ER used as a reservoir for a liquid

A

Cisternae

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25
Internal compartment of ER
``` ER lumen (cavity) Or cisternal space ```
26
Continuous with the nuclear envelope
ER membrane
27
Continuous with the nuclear envelope and bound with ribosomes
Rough ER
28
Lacks attached ribosomes
Smooth ER
29
Involves in: Synthesis of lipids Detoxification of drugs and poisons Calcuim ion storage
Smooth ER
30
Secretes proteins created by ribosomes Add carbs to proteins for glycoproteins Synthesis of more membranes Modification of proteins
Rough ER
31
Received, sorts, ships, and even manufacture macromolecules
Golgi apparatus
32
Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
33
Process in which cells engulf another cell
Phagocytosis
34
Help remove or recycle damage parts of a cell
Lysosomes
35
"self devouring"
Autophagy
36
Importance of autophagy
Degradation of damaged organelles or proteins | Response to nutrient deprivation during starvation
37
Membranous sacs, larger than vesicles
Vacuoles
38
Functions of vacuoles
``` Digestion Storage Waste Disposal Water Balance Cell Growth Protection ```
39
Together with lysosome, funtion in autophagy
Food vacuoles
40
Help eliminate excess water from the cell
Contractile vacuoles
41
Up to 90% of the volume of plant cell
Plants vacuoles
42
Energy-converting organelles
Mitochondria | Chloroplasts
43
Sites of cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
44
Found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
45
Convertion of sugar to energy in ATP
Cellular respiration
46
Conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules
Photosynthesis
47
Three compartments of chloroplast space
Intermembrane space Stroma Thylakoid space
48
Flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast
Thylakoids
49
Stack of thylakoids | Interconnected
Grana
50
Fluid outside thylakoids | Contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes
Stroma
51
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts evolutionary origin
Endosymbiosis
52
Evidence of Endosymbiosis
2 membranes Circular DNA and ribosomes Autonomous organelles
53
Membrane-bound organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of long chain fatty acids and amino acids
Peroxisomes
54
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
55
Functions of cytoskeleton
Mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape Involved in various cell movement Transmits signals
56
Three main kinds of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton according to size and protein structure
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments
57
Thickest kind
Microtubules
58
Also called actin filaments | Thinnes kind
Microfilaments
59
Diameters in middle range
Intermediate filaments
60
Microtubule-organizinh center
Centrosome
61
Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
Cytoplasmic streaming
62
Cellular extension | Causes the cell to crawl along a surface
Pseudopodia "false foot"
63
Locomotor appendages that protrude from cells
Cilia | Flagella
64
Shorter More numerous Move "like the oars of a crew boat"
Cilia
65
Longer Less numerous Whiplike movement
Flagella
66
Extracellular components
Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane
67
3 extracellular structures
Cell walls of plant Extracellular matrix of animal cells Intercellular junction
68
Relatively thin and flexible wall
Primary cell wall
69
Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins | Glues adjacent cells together
Middle lamella
70
Has strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support
Secondary wall
71
Extracellular matrix is made of:
Glycoproteins such as collagen Proteoglycans Fibrobectin
72
Functions of ECM
Support Adhesion Movement Regulation
73
Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane where ECM glycoproteins bind
Integrins
74
Span the plasma membrane and connect to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
Integrins
75
Connect neighboring cells
Cell Junctions
76
Junction found in plants
Plasmodesmata
77
Junctions found in animals
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
78
Cytoplasmic channels between adjacent plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
79
Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
Tight junctions
80
Fasten cells together into sheets
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
81
Channels that allow molecules to flow between cells
Gap junctions

PH151 (15 decks)

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