Medical Microbiology

Question 1

Microbiological aspects of human and animal infections and infestations, with emphasis on their atiological agents

Answer 1

Clinical Microbiology

Question 2

The study of the cause of a disease

Answer 2

Etiology

Question 3

Antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another

Answer 3

Antibiosis

Question 4

Treatment of disease by chemical that kill cells, specifically thos of microorganisms or cancer

Answer 4

Chemotherapy

Question 5

A broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms

Answer 5

Immunology

Question 6

The study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations

Answer 6

Epidemiology

Question 7

Implies the presence of microorganisms in or on the body of the host

Answer 7

Infection

Question 8

A state when the microorganism is successful in producing physiological or anatomical changes in the host

Answer 8

Disease

Question 9

Disease caused by microorganisms or viruses

Answer 9

Infectious (contagious) disease

Question 10

Microbial parasite

Answer 10

Pathogen

Question 11

Causes disease only when the body’s defenses are compromised

Answer 11

Opportunistic pathogen

Question 12

The outcome of host-prasite relationship depends on:

Answer 12

Pathogenicity of parasite

Resistance of the host to the parasite

Question 13

Ability of the parasite to inflict damage on the host

Answer 13

Pathogenicity

Question 14

A measure/degree of pathogenicity

Answer 14

Virulence

Question 15

Pathogenicity varies widely, meaning?

Answer 15

The host-parasite interaction is dynamic

Constantly changing virulence of pathogen and resistance of host

Question 16

Two properties required for the production of diseases by microorganisms

Answer 16

Must be able to metaboize and multiply in or upon host tissue
Must be able to resist host defense mechanisms

Question 17

Toxic or destructive substances produced by the pathogen that directly or indirectly enhance infection leading to disease

Answer 17

Virulance factors

Question 18

Virulence factors in pathogens

Answer 18

Toxins
Capsule
Enzymes

Question 19

Two types of toxins

Answer 19

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

Question 20

Heat-labile and acid-labile

Answer 20

Exotoxins

Question 21

Examples of exotoxins

Answer 21

Tetanus toxin (Clostridium tetani)
Botulinum toxin (C. botulinum)

Question 22

Found in gram negative bacteria
Heat stable
Lipid portion of LPS
Less toxic
Highly pyrogenic

Answer 22

Endotoxins

Question 23

An AB toxin produced by cells of Corynebacterium diptheriae

Answer 23

Diptheria toxin

Question 24

May enable some bacteria to resist phagocytosis

Answer 24

Capsule

Question 25

Example of capsule

Answer 25

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 26

Enzymes

Answer 26

Caogulase | Lecithinase

Question 27

Causes some bacteria to resist phagocytosis

Answer 27

Coagulase

Question 28

Alpha Toxin | Lyzes RBCs and other tissues

Answer 28

Lecithinase

Question 29

Indications of Virulence

Answer 29

Infectious dose | Lethal dose

Question 30

Number of pathogenic cells or virions enough to establish or cause an infection that would lead to disease

Answer 30

Infectious dose

Question 31

Expression of infectious dose

Answer 31

ID50 (medium infectious dose) | 50% of the hosts ate infected

Question 32

The dose that causes death | Number of pathogenic cell, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill the host

Answer 32

Lethal dose

Question 33

Lethal dose expression

Answer 33

LD50 | 50% of hosts are killed

Question 34

Steps of Pathogenesis

Answer 34

``` Exposure Adherence Invasion Colonization and Growth Toxicity/Invasiveness Tissue, Damage, Disease ```

Question 35

Mode of transmission

Answer 35

``` Direct contact Indirect contact - via formites Vectors Airborne Food or Water ```

Question 36

Sneeze Effects

Answer 36

Up to 8m | Can linger for 10 minutes

Question 37

Cough Effects

Answer 37

Up to 6m | Can linger for 10 minutes

Question 38

Portals of Entry

Answer 38

Skin Mucous Membranes Parenteral Routes

Question 39

Examples of mucous membranes

Answer 39

Respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Conjunctiva

Question 40

Pathogen is able to enter into host cells or tissues, spread, and cause damage and disease

Answer 40

Invasion

Question 41

Presence of bacteria in blood

Answer 41

Bacteremia

Question 42

Bacteria able to multiply and produce toxins in the bloodstream and spreading in the body

Answer 42

Septicemia

Question 43

Presence of virus in bloodstream

Answer 43

Viremia

Question 44

Human defense mechanisms

Answer 44

Innate immunity | Acquired immunity

Question 45

Non-specific resistance

Answer 45

Innate immunity

Question 46

Adaptive immune response | Specific resistance

Answer 46

Acquired immunity

Question 47

Innate immunity

Answer 47

First line of defense | Second line of defense

Question 48

First line of defense

Answer 48

Skin Mucous membranes Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

Question 49

Second line of defenses

Answer 49

Phagocytic leukocytes Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Fever

Question 50

Adapative immunity | Third line of defense

Answer 50

Lymphocytes Antibodies Memory cells