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Prokaryotes (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Cell Envelope

A

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Functions of cell wall

A 
Give shape and rigidity
Contributes to pathogenicity
Protection
Site of action of antibiotics
Used to differentiate bacteria
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3
Q

Cross-linking of cell wall

A

Transpeptidase

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4
Q

Prokaryotes Division

A

Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Tenericutes
Mendosicutes

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5
Q

Thin cells walls, implying a gram negative type cell wall

A

Gracilicutes

Cyanobacteria

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6
Q

Thick and strong skin, indicating gram positive type cell wall

A

Firmicutes

Cyanobacteria

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7
Q

Pliable and soft nature, indicating the lack of a rigid cell wall

A

Tenericutes

Mycoplasmas

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8
Q

With unusual cell wall, lack conventional peptidoglycan

A

Mendosicutes

Archaea

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9
Q

A polymer of disaccharides linked by polypeptides found in the cell wall of bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Another name for peptidoglycan

A

Murein

Mucopeptide

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11
Q

Two molecules that make up the peptidoglycan

A

NAG and NAM

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12
Q

NAG

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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13
Q

NAM

A

N-acetylmuramic

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14
Q

Has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive bacteria

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15
Q

Space between cell wall and cell membrane

A

Periplasmic space

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16
Q

Consist primarily of an alcohol and phosphate

A

Teichoic Acid

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17
Q

Function of the Teichoic Acid

A

Bind and regulate the movement of positive ions into and out of the cell

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18
Q

Two types of teichoic acid

A

Lipoteichoic acid

Wall teichoic acid

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19
Q

Spans the peptidoglycan layer

Linked to the plasma membrane

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

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20
Q

Linked to the peptidoglycan layer

A

Wall teichoic acid

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21
Q

Contains one or a very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

A

Gram negative bacteria

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22
Q

Region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

A

Periplasm

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23
Q

Found in the periplasmic space in gram negative bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Gram positive characteristics

A

Thick PG
With TA
Without OM

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25
Gram negative characteristics
Thin PG Without TA With OM
26
Outer membrane compositions
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) Lipoproteins Phospholipids
27
Acts as an antigen Distinguishes between species Buried within the OM
LPS
28
Functions as endotoxin when cell dies | Responsible for the symptoms assoiciated with infections by G(-) bacteria
Lipid A
29
Importance of LPS
Imparts strong negative charge Stabilization of membrane Acts as endotoxin Protective barrier
30
Gram stain mechanism
Crystal violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin
31
Gram positive genera that show an increasing number of gram negative cells as the culture ages
Gram variable cells
32
Damage cell wall by hydrolyzing linkages between NAM and NAG residues
Lysozyme
33
Penicillin and its derivatives
Beta-lactam antibiotics
34
Cell with no cell wall
Protoplast
35
Cell with incomplete cell wall
Spheroplast
36
Wall-less bacteria | Contains sterols in plasma membrane
Mycoplasmas
37
Cell walls with high concentrations (60%) of mycolic acid
Acid-fast cell walls
38
Genus withh acid-fast cell walls
Mycobacterium
39
Prevents uptake of dyes
Mycolic acid
40
A stain that penetrates acid-fast bacterial cell wall most effectively when heated
Carbol fuchsin
41
Organism lacking or with atypical cell wall Lack muramic acid and D-amino acids Lack peptidoglycan
Archaea
42
Complex heteropolysaccharides
Pseudomurein
43
Highly organized, assymetric, flexible, and dynamic | Contains lipids and proteins
Cell membrane
44
Lacking in bacterial cell membrane
Sterols
45
Sterol-like molecules which stabilize the bacterial membrane
Hopanoids
46
Three types of proteins
Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins
47
Properties of peripheral proteins
``` Easily removed by mild treatment Found at inner or outer surface of membrane May function as enzymes Support Mediators of changes in shape ```
48
Properties of integral proteins
Can be removed from the membrane only after disrupting the lipid bilayer using detergents etc.
49
Properties of transmembrane proteins
Penetrate membrane completely | Could have channels which substance can enter and exit the cell
50
Function of the cell membrane
Separation of cell Selectively permeable barrier Detection and response to chemicals
51
Contains pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis in some bacteria
Chromatophores
52
In-foldings of the plasma membrane that extend to the cytoplasm
Chromatophores
53
In-foldings of the plasma membrane | Not true cell structures
Mesosomes
54
Extremely resistant to heat denaturation
Lipid monolayer membranes
55
Bacteria cell membrane characteristics
Lipid bilayer Ester-linked lipids Straight chain fatty acids
56
Archaea cell membrane characteristics
Lipid monolayer Ether-linked lipids Branched fatty acid
57
Intercellular structure
``` Cytoplasm Nucleoid Plasmid Ribosomes Inclusion bodies Endospores ```
58
``` Lacks unit membrane-bound organelles Largely water (80-90%) ```
Cytoplasm
59
Made up 60% of DNA, some RNA and protein
Nucleoid
60
Other names for nucleoid
Nuclear region Chromatin body Nuclear body
61
Circular DNA which carry genes which confer drag resistance, pathogenicity, new metabolic activities Used for gene manipulation
Plasmid
62
Types of ribosomes
Matrix ribosomes | Plasma membrane ribosomes
63
Synthesis of proteins that will remain in the cell
Matrix ribosomes
64
Synthesis of proteins for transport outside the cell
Plasma membrane ribosomes
65
Inclusin bodies
``` Glycogen/starch Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid Cyanophycin Carboxysomes Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes (inorganic) Volutin (inorganic) Sulfur granules (inorganic) ```
66
Stored carbon and energy source
Glyogen/starch
67
Lipid-like, stored carbon and energy source
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid
68
Stored nitrogen source | Polymer of amino acids
Cyanophycin
69
Contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation
Carboxysomes
70
Impermeable to water but permeable to gas | Provides buoyanct for aquatic bacteria
Gas vacuoles
71
Allows orientation for navigation towards nutrients | Not a storage product
Magnetosomes
72
Metachromatic granules | Polphosphate reservoir
Volutin
73
Energy and electron source
Sulfur granules
74
Also know as "resting cells" | Dormant in gram positive bacteria
Endospores
75
Made up of thick proteins around the outside membrane
Spore coat
76
Found in endospore
``` Dipicolinic acid (DPA) Calcium ions ```
77
Protects endospore DNA against damage
DPA
78
Transformation/Germination Steps in Endospores:
Activation Germination Outgrowth
79
Triggered by high heat
Germination
80
Small triggering molecules in germination
Germinants
81
Example of germinants
Alanine Inosine Nucletide

PH151 (15 decks)

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