Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

Essential cell elements

Answer 1

C
O
N
H
P
S
Se

Question 2

Macromolecular compostion of a cell

Answer 2

Protein
Lipid
Polysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
DNA
RNA

Question 3

Sum total of all processes (made up of chemical reactions) occurring in the cell

Answer 3

Metabolism

Question 4

Metabolism is made possible by:

Answer 4

Flow of energy/electrons

Question 5

Involves both catabolism and anabolism

Answer 5

Amphibolic pathway

Question 6

Loss of electron

Answer 6

Oxidation

Question 7

Gain of electron

Answer 7

Reduced

Question 8

Metabolism is made possible by: (2)

Answer 8

Participation of enzymes

Question 9

Types of chemical transformations

Answer 9

Anabolism

Catabolism

Question 10

Biosynthetic
Building up
Use energy in the process

Answer 10

Anabolism

Question 11

Degradative
Breaking down
Release energy in the process

Answer 11

Catabolism

Question 12

Energy =

Answer 12

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 13

Cofactor/coenzyme

Answer 13

Pyridine nucleotides

Question 14

NAD

Answer 14

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 15

FAD

Answer 15

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 16

Reduced pyridine nucleotides

Answer 16

Reducing power

Question 17

Reduced NAD

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

Reduced FAD

Answer 18

FADH2

Question 19

Types of pathways

Answer 19

Linear metabolic
Branched metabolic
Cyclic metabolic

Question 20

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

3 common routes:

Answer 20

EMP
PPP
EDP

Question 21

EMP

Answer 21

Embden-Meyerhof (Parnas)

Question 22

PPP

Answer 22

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 23

EDP

Answer 23

Entner-Duodoroff Pathway

Question 24

EMP aka

Answer 24

Glycolysis

Question 25

3 key regulatory enzymes of EMP pathway

Answer 25

Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate kinase

Question 26

Glycolysis generates

Answer 26

2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH

Question 27

Transfer of high energy phosphate group from a metabolic intermediates to ADP to produce ATP

Answer 27

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 28

Pentose phosphate pathway generates

Answer 28

ATP by substrate level phosphorylation NADH and NAPH (amount varies) 2 different precursor metabolites

Question 29

Found in some gram negative bacteria

Answer 29

ED Pathway

Question 30

Net of ED Pathway

Answer 30

One NADPH One NADH One ATP

Question 31

Complete oxidation | Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

Answer 31

Respiration

Question 32

Respiration generates

Answer 32

2 NADH | 1 precursor metabolite

Question 33

Know as Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

Answer 33

Krebs Cycle

Question 34

Krebs Cycle generates

Answer 34

2 ATP 2 NADH 2 FADH2

Question 35

Two types of respiration

Answer 35

Aerobic | Anaerobic

Question 36

Terminal e acceptor is O2 | Pyruvic acid is completely oxidized to CO2 via the TCA

Answer 36

Aerobic Respiration

Question 37

Terminal e acceptor are nitrates, sulfates, and carbonates | Employed by methanogens (strict aerobes) and denitrifiers (facultative anaerobes)

Answer 37

Anaerobic respiration

Question 38

ATP production via chemiosmosis and electron transport chain

Answer 38

Oxidative-level phosphorylation

Question 39

ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane

Answer 39

Chemiosmosis

Question 40

Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+) which create an H+ gradient across the membrane

Answer 40

ETS

Question 41

Energized state of a membrane cretaed by expulsion of protons (through the action of ETC) Membrane potential

Answer 41

Proton Motive Force

Question 42

``` Partial oxidation No ETC Less ATP produced No external e acceptor Use pyruvate as final e acceptor Yield different products ```

Answer 42

Fermentation

Question 43

Anabolic pathways

Answer 43

``` Lipid synthesis Glucose synthesis Protein synthesis Nucleotide synthesis Phtotsynthesis ```

Question 44

2 major modes of enzyme regulation

Answer 44

Amount of enzyme | Activity of enzyme

Question 45

Shuts off reaction (typically the first) dues to excess end-products

Answer 45

Feedback inhibition

Question 46

Allosteric enzyme contains

Answer 46

Active site | Allosteric site

Question 47

Where substrate binds

Answer 47

Active site

Question 48

Where the end product of the pathway binds

Answer 48

Allosteric site

Question 49

Different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are subject to different regulatory controls

Answer 49

Isoenzymes

Question 50

Photosynthesis of H2O produce ATP and NADPH

Answer 50

Light reaction

Question 51

Use the production from light reaction (ATP and NADPH) to fix CO2

Answer 51

Dark fixation

Question 52

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use water as a hydrogen donor, releasing O2

Answer 52

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy ---- C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

Question 53

Purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria use H2S as a hydrogen donor, producing sulfur granules

Answer 53

6CO2 + 12H2S + Light energy ---- C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12S