Bacteriology - fastidious bacteria

Question 1

What is the main feature of fastidious bacteria?

Answer 1

They are difficult to grow so hard to confirm a diagnosis

Question 2

What are the two main fastidious bacteria?

Answer 2

Chlamydiales

Rickettsiales

Question 3

Are chlamydiales and rickettsiales gram positive or gram negative?

Answer 3

Appear gram negative - dont have LPS but also dont have peptidoglycan

Question 4

Where are fastidious bacteria found?

Answer 4

In epithelial cells, blood cells and macrophages - inside cells rather than on surface

Question 5

Where do fastidious bacteria grow?

Answer 5

Inside cells

Question 6

What does rickettsia infect?

Answer 6

Endothelial cells lining capillaries - multiply in cytoplasm

Question 7

What does ehrlichia infect?

Answer 7

Red blood cells (haemolytic anaemia) and immune cells

Question 8

How are rickettsia and ehrlichia transmitted?

Answer 8

Blood sucking arthropod vectors

Question 9

Why do fastidious bacteria need to be intracellular to survive?

Answer 9

Missing cofactors and precursors

Question 10

How is reckettsia treated?

Answer 10

Antibiotics

Question 11

What is chlamydia associated with?

Answer 11

Mucous membranes - resp, GI, conjunctival, urogenital

Question 12

How does chlamydia present as a disease?

Answer 12

Subclinical persistence with clinical flares

Question 13

What are the two forms of chlamydia?

Answer 13

Elementary body

Reticulate body

Question 14

What are elementary bodies of chlamydia?

Answer 14

Infectious form - has a resistant wall and is metabolically inactive, can be spread outside the body

Question 15

What are reticulate bodies of chlamydia?

Answer 15

Reproductive form - intracellular, active

Question 16

How is chlamydia identified?

Answer 16

Lesion smear

PCR

Question 17

How is chlamydia treated?

Answer 17

Antibiotics - oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol, not penicillin
For 2-3 weeks

Question 18

How is coxiella burnetii transmitted?

Answer 18

Ticks

Spores in aerosols/dried faeces/milk

Question 19

What does C. burnetii cause in animals?

Answer 19

Abortion if gets to placenta

Mild gut/udder infection

Question 20

What does C. burnetii infect?

Answer 20

Macrophages in oropharynx

Question 21

What disease does C. burnetii cause in humans?

Answer 21

Q fever

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Q fever?

Answer 22

Pneumonia/flu-like illness

Recurrence of infection causes systemic organ damage

Question 23

What is the spirochaetes main feature?

Answer 23

Motile - spiral with a flagella

Question 24

What are the main spirochaetales?

Answer 24

Borrelia - lyme disease
Leptospira
Treponema - syphilis in rabbits
Brachyspira

Question 25

How are spirochaetes diagnosed?

Answer 25

Serology Silver based stains PCR

Question 26

What type of brachyspira is the only one that causes swine dysentry?

Answer 26

B. hyodysenteriae

Question 27

How is B. hyodysenteriae spread?

Answer 27

Faecal - oral

Question 28

What can be reservoirs of B. hyodysenteriae?

Answer 28

Wild rodents Environment - 3 days Clinical cases and carriers

Question 29

How can you prevent swine dysentery?

Answer 29

Eliminate carriers - test using PCR

Question 30

How is swine dysentery treated?

Answer 30

Antibiotics | Hyperimmune serum

Question 31

What category of conditions does borrelia need?

Answer 31

Microaerophilic

Question 32

What are the two types of borrelia disease?

Answer 32

Generalised - anaemia and fever | Deposition and inflammation

Question 33

What are the three stages of borreliosis/lyme disease?

Answer 33

1. Skin rash - bullseye 2. Systemic problems 3. Chronic problems

Question 34

What can lyme disease cause in horses?

Answer 34

Laminitis

Question 35

What are some systemic features of lymes disease?

Answer 35

Fever Fatigue Stiff joints - arthritis Nervous system disorders

Question 36

How is lyme disease controlled?

Answer 36

Aggressive antibiotic treatment Tick control Vaccine in dogs in USA

Question 37

How does leptospirosis enter the body?

Answer 37

Ingestion Infected urine Via mucous membranes or skin cuts

Question 38

What does leptospirosis cause?

Answer 38

``` Fever Diarrhoea Haemolyric anaemia Haemorrhage Jaundice Death ```

Question 39

What is a major vector of leptospirosis?

Answer 39

Rodents - urine

Question 40

What is bacillus?

Answer 40

Anthrax

Question 41

What category of conditions does bacillus need?

Answer 41

Aerobic/facultatively anaerobic

Question 42

What are the three species of bacillus?

Answer 42

B. licheniformis - abortion B. cereus - mastitis B. anthracis - anthrax

Question 43

How does bacillus anthracis spread?

Answer 43

Spores

Question 44

What increases the virulence of bacillus anthracis?

Answer 44

Protective antigen - anchor for the oedema factor and the lethal factor

Question 45

What is the oedema factor of bacillus anthracis?

Answer 45

An enxyme that causes oedema and prevents leucocyte activity

Question 46

What is the lethal factor for bacillus anthracis?

Answer 46

Toxin that increases vascular permeability and kills macrophages

Question 47

What are the main signs of cutaneous anthrax?

Answer 47

Painless lesion - from oedema | Very dark crust around lesion - from haemorrhage

Question 48

What causes septicaemic anthrax?

Answer 48

Inhaling or ingesting spores

Question 49

What does septicaemic anthrax cause?

Answer 49

Death - bacteria multiply in blood Haemorrhaging Pulmonary oedema Use up oxygen

Question 50

What is the main sign of septicaemic anthrax?

Answer 50

Dark tar-like blood oozing from all body orifices

Question 51

How long does anthrax take to kill?

Answer 51

Ruminants - 1-2 hours | Humans/horses - 24hrs

Question 52

What should you do if you find anthrax?

Answer 52

Inform APHA Take blood sample Prepare and stain smear

Question 53

What will APHA do once notified?

Answer 53

Burn everything Monitor area Cull at risk animals