Dog reproduction

Question 1

How long does the whole oestrus cycle take in dogs?

Answer 1

6-7 months

Question 2

How long is pro-oestrus in dogs?

Answer 2

9 days

Question 3

What changes occur in pro-oestrus in dogs?

Answer 3

Will call to males
Wont stand to mate
Bloody discharge

Question 4

What changes occur in oestrus in dogs?

Answer 4

Vascularisation of repro react
swollen vulva
Will stand for mating/lordosis
Clear discharge

Question 5

What occurs in the luteal phase?

Answer 5

Progesterone produced by CL
Cervix closes
Prolonged in the bitch - 6-8 weeks
Same if pregnant or not pregnant

Question 6

How long does oestrus last in dogs?

Answer 6

9 days

Question 7

When is ovulation?

Answer 7

1-3 days after oestrus

Question 8

How to tell the optimal time to mate?

Answer 8

Hormone concentrations
Vaginal cytology
Vaginoscopy

Question 9

Which hormone is the most helpful to tell when ovulation is in the dog? Why?

Answer 9

Progesterone

Starts to increase just before ovulation

Question 10

How can you tell oestrus on exfoliative cytology from vaginal smear?

Answer 10

Thick stratified epithelium
Reduced amount of RBCs
When 75% or more of acellular squames

Question 11

When is mating best for conception?

Answer 11

The first few days after ovulation

But fertile period is actually very wide in bitch

Question 12

How do you supress oestrus in the bitch?

Answer 12

Surgical

Medical - progestogens, androgens, GnRH agonists

Question 13

When should you perform spay in dogs?

Answer 13

3-4 months after oestrus in larger breeds

Prepubertal

Question 14

What are some risks of giving progestogens for medical oestrus supression?

Answer 14

Development of pyometra, diabetes

Question 15

What can you give to cause abortion after misalliance?

Answer 15

Aglepristone - anti-progestin
(Alazin )

Question 16

How does aglepristone work to cause abortion?

Answer 16

High affinity for uterine progesterone receptor

Stops progesterone binding to receptor so pregnancy cant occur

Question 17

How soon do you have to give aglepristone?

Answer 17

Effective prior to day 22 - so no rush

Question 18

What is pseudocyesis?

Answer 18

Pseudopregnancy - long luteal phase even if not pregnant

Question 19

What causes pseudocyesis?

Answer 19

Prolactin

Question 20

How can you treat pseudocyesis?

Answer 20

Just leave alone
Prolactin inhibitor
Neuter

Question 21

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 21

Proliferation of endometrial glands and hyperplasia of endometrium

Question 22

What causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 22

Oestrogen

Question 23

What can cause pyometra?

Answer 23

Progesterone - dampens immune system to prepare for pregnancy but this can cause pyometra

Question 24

How do you treat pyometra?

Answer 24

Ovariohysterectomy
Antibiotics
IV fluids

Question 25

What is the difference between pregnancy diagnosis using abdominal ultrasound or abdominal x rays?

Answer 25

Cant definitively confirm no of puppies with ultrasound | X ray - day 42 onwards, quite late

Question 26

How can you terminate pregnancy in the dog?

Answer 26

Surgery | Medical

Question 27

What drugs can you give to terminate pregnancy?

Answer 27

Antiprogestin - aglepristone | Antiprolactin - cabergoline

Question 28

How long is gestation in the dog?

Answer 28

63 days from ovulation | More variable from time of service

Question 29

What can you check in an overdue bitch?

Answer 29

Plasma progesterone - will drop 24 hours before whelping

Question 30

What does a drop in plasma progesterone cause in bitches?

Answer 30

Drop in body temperature - lasts 12 hours

Question 31

What does green discharge mean?

Answer 31

Placenta and puppies have separated

Question 32

What is the most common cause of dystocia in bitches?

Answer 32

Uterine inertia unterine contractions are not happening

Question 33

What are some maternal causes of dystocia in dogs?

Answer 33

Uterine inertia Abnormal pelvi canal Stenosis

Question 34

What are some foetal causes of dystocia in dogs?

Answer 34

Oversized Malposition/Malpresentation Brachycephalic

Question 35

What are the 3 drugs you use to medically manage dystocia?

Answer 35

Oxytocin Calcium gluconate Dextrose infusion

Question 36

How does oxytocin help with dystocia?

Answer 36

Increases the frequency of uterine contractions

Question 37

How does Calcium gluconate help with dystocia?

Answer 37

Increases the strength of contractions

Question 38

How doe dextrose infusion help with dystocia?

Answer 38

Gives more energy, increases glucose levels

Question 39

What are the 3 indications for a caesarean?

Answer 39

Failure to respond to medical management of dystocia or manipulation If there is a pelvic abnormality If foetal distress is evident

Question 40

What typically causes metritis in dogs?

Answer 40

E. coli - retained foetus or placenta

Question 41

What is eclampsia and what does it cause?

Answer 41

Hypocalcaemia after parturition causing illness and seizures

Question 42

What is agalacita?

Answer 42

Failure of letdown of the milk