Repro tract surgery

Question 1

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Glandular hyperplasia under the influence of testosterone and oestrogen

Question 2

How can you treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 2

Medical - antiandrogens

Castration

Question 3

What can cause prostatic abcesses?

Answer 3

E coli
Staph
From prostatitis

Question 4

How do you treat prostatic abcesses?

Answer 4

Antibiotics
Surgical drainage
Castration

Question 5

How can you treat prostatic cysts?

Answer 5

Drain via ultrasound - refill
Resection/omentalisation
Castration

Question 6

What is the most common prostatic neoplasia/

Answer 6

Adenocarcinoma

Question 7

How should you treat prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 7

DO NOT CASTRATE - increases risk
NSAIIDS
Surgery - remove prostate
Urethral stent

Question 8

What are common testicular neoplasias?

Answer 8

Sertoli cell tumours - produce oestrogens

Seminomas - seminiferous tubules

Question 9

How can you treat testicular tumours?

Answer 9

Castration with scrotal ablation

Chemo for metastasis

Question 10

What is hypospadias?

Answer 10

Abnormal termination of the urethra due to failure of fusion of hte urogenital folds
Congenital defect

Question 11

How can you treat penile tumours?

Answer 11

Penile amputation

Question 12

What are the most common tumours of the prepuce?

Answer 12

Mast cell tumours

Question 13

How can you treat paraphimosis in a dog?

Answer 13

Reduce size of penis
ACP sedative
Lubricate penis
Place urinary catheter
Surgical - narrow/enlarge  preputial orifice
Prepucial lengthening

Question 14

How can you treat priapism?

Answer 14

Treat underlying cause - pelvic nerve injury

Question 15

How can you treat a urethral prolapse?

Answer 15

Treat underlying cause

Castrate

Question 16

What signs do follicular ovarian cysts in dogs cause?

Answer 16

Pro-oestrus signs

Question 17

What signs do luteal ovarian cysts in dogs cause?

Answer 17

Oestrus signs

Question 18

What is the most common ovarian tumour in dogs?

Answer 18

Adenocarcinoma

Question 19

What is the most common bacteria causing pyometra?

Answer 19

E coli

Question 20

How do you treat pyometra?

Answer 20

Surgery - ovariohysterectomy

Question 21

What are uterine/vaginal neoplasias called?

Answer 21

Leiomyoma

Question 22

How do you treat a benign vaginal neoplasia?

Answer 22

Episiotomy - through perineum

Or ligation of pedicle

Question 23

When does vaginal prolapse occur?

Answer 23

During oestrus or proestrus

Question 24

How do you treat vaginal prolapse?

Answer 24

Keep clean and moist
Reincorporation
Ovariohysterectomy

Question 25

How can you prevent mammary neoplasias?

Answer 25

Ovariohysterectomy only if before 1st heat cycle

Question 26

How many pairs of mammary glands do dogs have?

Answer 26

5

Question 27

How many pairs of mammary glands do cats have?

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Where do mammary glands 1-3 drain to?

Answer 28

Axillary LN

Question 29

Where do mammary glands 4-5 drain to?

Answer 29

Inguinal LN

Question 30

What technique is best for mammary neoplasia removal in cats?

Answer 30

Radical bilateral mastectomies

Question 31

What vessels do you have to be careful of in mastectomies?

Answer 31

Caudal and cranial superficial epigastric arteries

Question 32

Why should you spay?

Answer 32

Population control Elective Therapeutic Control hereditary diseases

Question 33

When should you do a bitch spay?

Answer 33

Anoestrus - 3 months after end of season

Question 34

What ligament should you break down during a spay?

Answer 34

Suspensory ligament

Question 35

When do you do a cat spay?

Answer 35

4-6 months - before coming into first season

Question 36

Where do you incise in dogs and cats?

Answer 36

Dogs - midline | Cats - flank

Question 37

When do you do a c section?

Answer 37

Emergency - inertia, straining, stillborns, distress

Question 38

What are some complications from spaying?

Answer 38

``` Haemorrhage Ovarian remnant syndrome Urinary tract injury Hernea Infection ```

Question 39

Why should you castrate?

Answer 39

Population control Behavioural modification Prevent disease Control hereditary diseases

Question 40

What are some side effects of castration?

Answer 40

Weight gain | Behaviour changes eg. more nervous

Question 41

When should you castrate dogs?

Answer 41

6-9 months

Question 42

When should you castrate cats?

Answer 42

4-6 months - like spay

Question 43

What are some complications of dog castration?

Answer 43

Scrotal bruising/swelling Haemorrhage Infection Self trauma

Question 44

What are different types of restraint for large animal surgery?

Answer 44

Halter Cattle crush Tail restraint

Question 45

What are the 3 local anaesthetic techniques?

Answer 45

Infiltration Paravertebral Epidural

Question 46

What site should you do a c section in cows?

Answer 46

Left sided paralumbar fossa laparotomy

Question 47

What is good about paravertebral block?

Answer 47

Anaesthetises whole flank | Allows extension of incision if required

Question 48

What are the 3 layers of abdominal closure in large animal c section?

Answer 48

Peritoneum and transverse abdominis Internal abdominal oblique External abdominal oblique Skin

Question 49

What suture should you use in the skin in large animal c section

Answer 49

Ford interlocking suture pattern

Question 50

What are some post LA c section complications?

Answer 50

Retained foetal membranes Infections Reduced fertility

Question 51

Who can carry out dehorning?

Answer 51

Only a vet over 2 months of age | Only a vet in a sheep or goat

Question 52

What nerve do you block in dehorning?

Answer 52

Cornual nerve

Question 53

What are some complications of dehorning?

Answer 53

``` Inadequate anaesthesia Haemorrhage Infection - sinusitis Fly strike Regrowth ```

Question 54

What are 2 bloodless castration techniques?

Answer 54

Elastrator rings | Burdizzo

Question 55

What are 2 surgical castration techniques?

Answer 55

Traction and torsion | Emasculators

Question 56

When can elastrator rings be used?

Answer 56

<7 days

Question 57

What are burdizzo complications?

Answer 57

Crush urethra | Incomplete castration

Question 58

How and where do you use the burdizzo?

Answer 58

10 seconds crush Distal each time 4 times

Question 59

When should surgical castration be used?

Answer 59

Only in healthy animals

Question 60

What are complications of surgical castration in cows?

Answer 60

Haemorrhage Infection Fly strike Tetanus