Reproductive pathology Flashcards by Mary Tilling

What causes testicular differentiation during foetal development?

Sex determining region Y on the Y chromosome of male embryos

Produces testis determining factor

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What causes chimerism?

Placental anastomosis alloing exchange of haemopoietic stem cells

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What are the symptoms of chimerism?

Small ovaries
Small vulva
Prominant clitoris
Short blinding ending vagina

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What is the main XY disorder of sexual development?

Sex reversal syndrome - no intracellular androgen receptors so no androgenic effect

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What is the most common cyst of the ovaries?

Cystic rete ovarii - from mesonephric tubules

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What cysts do mares get of the ovaries?

Fimbral cysts

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What causes follicular cysts?

Defect in LH - follicle fails to ovulate

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What causes luteinised cyst?

Ovulation fails to occur and theca undergoes luteinisation

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What is a cystic corpus luteum?

CL forms after ovulation but has a central cavity of developing luteal tissue

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What can cause ovarian haemorrhage?

Manual removal

Ovulation - physiological

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What can cause oophoritis/ovarian inflammation?

Dog/cat - bacterial
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis

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What are the main tumours of the ovaries?

Granulosa-theca cell tumour

Thecoma and luteoma

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What are granulosa-theca cell tumours?

Hormone producing tumours of coexisting granulosa and theca cells in the same tumour

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What is a thecoma?

Tumour of only the theca cells

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What animal are tumours of the celomic epithelium common in? What type of tumour are they?

Dogs

Adenoma

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What are the two problems with development of the paramesonephric ducts/

Segmental aplasia - doesnt develop

Incomplete fusion

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What is hypdrosalpinx?

Distention of the uterine duct by mucous

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What is salpingitis?

Inflammation of the uterine tubes

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What is pyosalpinc?

Acute septic inflammation and pus in the lumen of the oviduct

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What causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

Excessive/prolonged estrogenic stimulation

Associated with follicular cysts/granulosa tumours

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What are the 3 different routes of inflammation of the uterus?

Ascending
Haematogenous - from systemic disease
Contiguity

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When does endometritis most commonly occur?

After mating or post partum

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What are some infectious agents that cause endometritis?

Klebsiella pneumoniae
E. coli
Taylorella equigenitalis

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What is the cause of contagious equine metritis?

Taylorella equigenitalis

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What is metritis?

Inflammation of the layers of the uterine wall

What is the main kind of primary neoplasia of the uterus in dogs?

Leiomyoma - smooth muscle cells

What is the main kind of primary neoplasia of the uterus in cows?

Endometrial carcinoma

What is the main secondary neoplasia of the uterus?

Lymphoma

What can cause cervicitis?

Contagious equine metritis Post parturient inflammation AI

What are the two types of vaginitis/vulvitis?

Granular vulvitis | Viral - herpes virus

What is a common neoplasia of the vagina and vulva?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma of hte vulva?

Increased exposure to UV light | Depigmentation

What are the 4 placental classifications? What animals are they in?

Diffuse - horses and pigs Cotyledonary - ruminants Zonary - dogs and cats Discoid - primates and rodents

What are common pathogens that cause mastitis?

Staph. aureus Strep. agalactiae E. coli

What causes contagious mastitis?

Obligate mammary pathogens eg. staph, strep

What causes environmental mastitis?

Environmental contaminants eg. E.coli

What type of staph mastitis is more common in heifers?

Coagulase negative staph

What type of staph mastitis is more common in older cows?

Coagulase positive

What are the characteristics of coliform mastitis (E. coli)?

Oedema and haemorrhage

How is strep mastitis different to staph mastitis?

Strep is usually permanently infected | Staph produces gangrenous mastitis

What are the symptoms of viral mastitis?

Hard udder | No milk production

What are the main features of mammary neoplasia in dogs?

Usually benign | Originate from glandular epithelium

What are the different types of mammary neoplasia in dogs?

Mixed mammary tumours Sarcomas Adenomas

What do mixed mammary tumours have?

Cartilage and bone

What are the features of mammary sarcomas?

Less common, more agressive, metastatic

What is the main mammary neoplasia in cats?

Adenocarcinomas

What are the main features of adenocarcinoma mammary neoplasias?

Rapid growth, metastatic

What is a hydrocele/hematocele of the scrotum?

Fluid/blood in the vaginal cavity

What ectoparasites can cause scrotal inflammation?

Causes of dermatitis eg. chorioptes ovis mite, dermatophilus congolensis bacterium

What is a side effect of scrotal inflammation?

Increased temperature, testicular degeneration

Which testicle is more likely to be retained in a dog?

Right testicle

What is a common congenital condition of the testes?

Testicular hyperplasia

What are some causes of testicular atrophy?

``` Trauma Stress Hormones Aging Heat ```

What causes a spermatic granuloma?

Failure of the efferent ductules to join with the epididymal duct Ductules fill with sperm and rupture

What are the main features of epididymitis?

Common Ascending Usually infectious Swelling

What often causes orchitis?

Secondary to epididymitis

What is a seminoma?

Benign tumour of the testes common in dogs | Doesnt alter hormones

What is a teratoma?

A cystic tumour in foals with cryptorchid testes

What is an interstitial (leydig) cells tumour?

Multiple soft nodular slow growing masses on testes

What are sertoli cell tumour?

Large solid masses that produce oestrogens on testes

What is varicocele?

Dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus

What can cause hypoplasia of the penis?

Early castration | Lack of testosterone

What can cause directional deviations of the penis?

Persistent penile frenulum Asymmetrical development of the corpus cavernosum curved os penis

What are some examples of trauma to the penis?

Lacerations penile haematoma Fracture of os penis in dogs

What is balanitis?

Inflammation ofhte head of the penis

What is posthitis?

Inflammation of the prepuce

What is balanoposthitis?

Inflammation of the penile mucosa

What can cause bovine balanoposthitis?

BHV-1

What is an example of a tumour of the penis in dogs?

Canine transmissible venereal tumour

What is an example of a tumour of the penis in bulls?

Bovine fibropapilloma | Fibrous tissue covered by epithelium

What are some neoplasias of the penis in horses?

Squamous papilloma - keratinised epithelial tumour | Squamous cell carcinoma

What are the features of squamous cells carcinoma of the penis?

Necrosis and ulceration of head of penis

Reproductive pathology Flashcards

(72 cards)