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CVSOH BVSc3 > Respiratory system pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory system pathology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

What can cause airway inflammation?

A

Infectious agents
Allergic disease
Neoplasia
Physical injury - foreign body

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2
Q

What occurs during acute inflammation?

A 
Detachment of cells
Increased secretions 
Oedema
Vasodilation
Leukocyte emigration
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3
Q

What are the different types of resp airway discharges/exudates?

A

Serous
Catarrhal
Purulent
Fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic

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4
Q

What causes catarrhal airway discharge?

A

Increase in mucous production from goblet cells

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5
Q

What causes purulent airway discharge?

A

Bacterial infection - contains leukocytes

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6
Q

What causes fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic airway discharge?

A

Severe inflammation/mucosal injury with fibrin exudate

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7
Q

What occurs during chronic inflammation of the airways?

A

Increased mucus production due to hypertrophy/hyperplasia of seromucus glands and goblet cells
Mucosal thickening
Increased resistance
Loss of mucociliary apparatus

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8
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Bronchus full of exudate causes obstruction

The enzymes within exudate destroy the bronchial wall

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9
Q

What may form as a result of chronic airway inflammation?

A

Fibrous inflammatory polyps

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10
Q

What are the 4 different types of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia
Embolic pneumonia

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11
Q

What type of pneumonia is the most common?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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12
Q

What can cause bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Aspiration

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13
Q

What is the distribution of bronchopneumonia?

A

Cranioventral distribution

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14
Q

What occurs during acute bronchopneumonia?

A

Infection causes inflammation

Suppurative/fibrinous exudate accumulates within alveolar spaces/bronchioles/lobules

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15
Q

What can chronic bronchopneumonia result in?

A

Fibrosis
Airway obstruction
Bronchiectasis
Abscess formation

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16
Q

What is interstitial pneumonia?

A

Injury to lung parenchyma – alveolar wall

Hyperaemia and exudate in alveoli

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17
Q

What makes up the alveolar wall/lung parenchyma?

A

Basal lamina
Endothelial cells
Type 1 pneumocytes

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18
Q

What is the distribution of interstitial pneumonia in the lungs?

A

Diffuse/generalised

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19
Q

What can cause interstitial pneumonia?

A 
Inhalation/haematogenous spread of
Viruses
Parasites
Toxins - fog fever
Allergens - fungal spores
Septicaemia
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20
Q

What histological change occurs during interstitial pneumonia?

A

increased Type 2 pneumocytes at the margins of the alveoli – to repair damaged Type 1 pneumocytes

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21
Q

What does chronic interstitial pneumonia cause?

A

Thickened alveolar walls - fibrosis

Persistent type 2 pneumocytes

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22
Q

What causes embolic pneumonia?

A

Bacteria from septic emboli

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23
Q

What is the route of entry for embolic pneumonia?

A

Haematogenous

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24
Q

What is the distribution of embolic pneumonia?

A

Random foci

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25
What are some sources of septic emboli?
Liver abcesses Bacterial endocarditis Mastitis Endometritis
26
What causes granulomatous pneumonia?
Agents that are resistant to phagocytosis/inflammatory response so are persistent in tissues
27
What are some examples of agents that cause granulomatous pneumonia?
Mycobacteria (TB) Actinomyces Lungworms Feline infectious peritonitis
28
What is the distribution of granulomatous pneumonia?
Variable Focal/multifocal Nodular
29
What are the general characteristics of malignant sinonasal tumours?
Slow growing Space occupying Invasive and destructive With mucopurulent discharges
30
What non neoplastic nasal mass is found in horses?
Progressive ethmoid haematoma
31
What lung tumour can be caused by a virus in sheep?
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma | Jaagsiekte
32
What can cause pulmonary oedema?
LsCHF - increased hydrostatic pressure Inflammation Reduced lymphatic drainage
33
What can cause pulmonary haemorrhage?
``` Inflammation Neoplasm Progressive ethmoid haematoma Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses Trauma ```
34
Where are paranasal sinus cysts located in horses?
Cyst at maxillary sinus/ ventral turbinates
35
What part of the trachea is extrathoracic?
Cervical trachea
36
What part of the trachea is intrathoracic?
Thoracic trachea
37
In dogs with tracheal collapse, what does inspiration cause?
Collapse of cervical trachea
38
In dogs with tracheal collapse, does expiration cause?
Collapse of the thoracic trachea
39
What are the primary features of BOAS?
``` Stenotic nares Elongated soft palate Large tongue Turbinate protrusion Hyperplastic trachea ```
40
What side does laryngeal paralysis occur on in horses?
Left side
41
What causes laryngeal paralysis?
Degeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve | atrophy of cricoarytenoid muscles
42
What causes Sino-nasal Aspergillosis?
Aspergillus fumigatus
43
What does Sino-nasal Aspergillosis cause?
Aflatoxin production Inflammatory response Turbinate and bone destruction
44
What are the clinical signs of Sino-nasal Aspergillosis?
Mucopurulent discharge, epistaxis, nasal depigmentation
45
How can you treat Sino-nasal Aspergillosis?
Mechanical debridement +/- trephination | Topical antifungal – clotrimazole
46
Are nasal tumour benign or malignant
Malignant - 80-90% | Locally invasive - cribiform plate
47
What is the most common nasal tumour in dogs?
Adenocarcinoma
48
What is the most common nasal tumour in cats?
Lymphoma
49
How can you treat nasal tumours?
Radio/chemotherapy +/- NSAIDs
50
What is the cause of chronic rhinosinusitis in cats?
Bacterial/Viral/ idiopathic
51
How can you treat chronic rhinosinusitis in cats?
Bacteria – Doxycycline | Viruses – Famciclovir, Bromhexine, NSAIDs
52
What is chronic rhinitis in dogs?
Allergen/ irritant/ immune mediated gradual progressive nasal disease
53
How can you treat chronic rhinitis in dogs?
Reduce exposure Steam/nebulize Antihistamines Doxycycline (bacteria)
54
What is a cough?
Sudden expiratory effort against closed glottis (protective reflex)
55
What is coughing controlled by?
Cough centre (Medulla Oblongata)
56
What are the 4 regions of the respiratory system that are affected during dyspnoea?
Upper resp tract Lower resp tract Pulmonary parenchyma Pleural space
57
Where do obstructive disorders affect in the resp tract?
Upper/lower resp tract
58
Where do restrictive disorders affect in the resp tract?
Pulmonary parenchyma | Pleural space
59
What are haematological causes of tachypnoea?
Reduced O2 carrying capacity (anaemia, MetHb)
60
What are metabolic causes of tachypnoea?
Compensatory mechanism to acidosis, muscular weakness
61
What causes inspiratory dyspnoea?
Dynamic upper airway obstruction
62
What causes expiratory dyspnoea?
Dynamic lower airway obstruction
63
What sounds are made during dynamic upper airway obstruction/inspiratory dyspnoea?
Stridor (roar) and stertor (snoring)
64
What sounds are made during dynamic lower airway obstruction/espiratory dyspnoea?
Wheezes
65
Where does stertor originate from?
Nasopharyngeal | Nasal
66
Where does stridor originate from?
Larynzz
67
What do crackles and/or wheezes indicate?
Adventitious Lung sounds - pulmonary parenchyma
68
What does shallow breathing and reduced/muffled lung sounds indicate?
Pleural space disease
69
What type of dyspnoea does BOAS cause?
Inspiratory obstructive dyspnoea
70
What type of dyspnoea does pneumonia cause?
Restrictive mixed pattern dyspnoea
71
What is canine chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchial inflammation with over secretion of mucous
72
How do you diagnose canine chronic bronchitis?
X ray - doughnuts and tramlines | Bronchoscopy, Bronchioalveolar Lavage
73
What does canine chronic bronchitis cause in the lungs?
Obstructive dyspnoea - mucous Emphysema - air trapped in alveoli Altered mucociliary escalator Inflammation
74
How do you treat canine chronic bronchitis?
Weight management Avoid allergens/irritants Bronchodilators - theophylline, salbutamol inhalant Inhaled corticosteroids - fluticasone
75
What diseases are in feline lower airway disease?
Feline asthma and feline chronic bronchitis
76
What does feline lower airway disease cause?
Chronic bronchial inflammation Mucous hypersecretion BRONCHOCONSTRICTION of smooth muscle (dogs cant do this)
77
What is the cause of feline lower airway disease?
Type I hypersensitivity - IgE mediated | Histamine and serotonin production by mast cells
78
How is feline lower airway disease diagnosed?
Imaging, bronchoscopy, BAL
79
How is feline lower airway disease treated?
Bronchodilators - terbutaline | Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone
80
What is the Angiostrongylus Vasorum migration?
Migration from intestine to heart to alveoli
81
What symptoms does Angiostrongylus Vasorum cause?
Chronic cough, cor pulmonae, syncope, pulmonary hypertension
82
What is the distribution of Angiostrongylus Vasorum in the lungs?
Peripheral
83
How do you treat Angiostrongylus Vasorum?
Moxidectin | Fenbendazole
84
How do you diagnose bacterial pneumonia?
Haematology (neutrophilia) C-reactive protein - inflammation marker Bronchoscopy, BAL
85
What is important when treating bacterial pneumonia?
Wait for culture result - high resistance risk
86
How do you treat aspiration pneumonia?
IV amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
87
How do you treat septic pneumonia?
fluoroquinolones + ampicillin/clindamycin
88
What is Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy?
Eosinophilic inflammation of lungs and bronchi
89
How does Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis present?
Interstitial fibrosis - honeycomb appearance | Not at all bronchial pattern

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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