Equine respiratory disease

Question 1

How do you sample discharge from the gutteral pouch?

Answer 1

Nasopharyngeal swab, stimulate horse to swallow

Question 2

What can cause primary sinusitis?

Answer 2

Upper resp tract infections

Question 3

What can cause secondary sinusitis?

Answer 3

Dental infections
Tumours
Head trauma

Question 4

What are the symptoms of primary sinusitis?

Answer 4

Accumulation of exudate within the sinus
Ipsilateral purulent nasal discharge
Facial swelling

Question 5

How do you treat sinusitis?

Answer 5

Antimicrobials
Ground feed
Dental extraction + irrigation
Sinus lavage

Question 6

What are sinus cysts?

Answer 6

Progressive non-neoplastic lesions
Expansile - distort surrounding bone
Produce mucous and

Question 7

How do you treat sinus cysts?

Answer 7

surgical removal – nasofrontal flap/ trephination

Question 8

What is the most common disease of the gutteral pouch?

Answer 8

Gutteral pouch empyema

Question 9

What causes gutteral pouch empyema?

Answer 9

Retropharyngeal LN abscess burst dorsally

Strep equi

Question 10

What can chronic presence of exudates in gutteral pouch cause?

Answer 10

Solid chondroid formation - small marbles of solidified material

Question 11

How do you treat gutteral pouch empyema/chondroids?

Answer 11

GP lavage and drainage

Penicillin-gelatin mix

Question 12

What is Guttural Pouch Mycosis?

Answer 12

Fungal infection (aspergillus) of guttural pouch

Question 13

What structures are in the gutteral pouch which are damaged during gutteral pouch mycosis?

Answer 13

Maxillary artery
Internal/External Carotid arteries
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

Question 14

What are the symptoms of gutteral pouch mycosis?

Answer 14

Epistaxis - bleeding from nose

Dysphagia - inability to swallow, nerve damage

Question 15

How do you treat gutteral pouch mycosis?

Answer 15

Topical antifungal agent

Question 16

What is Temporohyoid osteopathy?

Answer 16

New bone formed around temporohyoid joint causing join fusion
Movement can lead to hyoid joint fracture

Question 17

What abnormal inspiratory noise do horses make?

Answer 17

Roaring/whistling

Question 18

What abnormal expiratory noise do horses make?

Answer 18

Gurgling

Question 19

What are the two main parts of palatal dysfunction?

Answer 19

Dorsal displacement of soft palate

Palatal instability

Question 20

What noise does Dorsal displacement of soft palate cause?

Answer 20

Abnormal expiratory noise

Gurgling

Question 21

What noise does palatal instability cause?

Answer 21

Abnormal inspiratory noise - Roaring/whistling

Question 22

How can you surgically treat dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

Answer 22

Palate cautery, laryngeal tie forward

Question 23

How can you treat pharyngeal wall collapse?

Answer 23

4-5m rest + corticosteroids

Question 24

What is another word for Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse?

Answer 24

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

Question 25

What muscle does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 25

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle - abducts arytenoid cartilage

Question 26

What noise does Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse cause?

Answer 26

Inspiratory noise - whistle, roar

Question 27

What laryngeal function score is used in UK?

Answer 27

Lane

Question 28

How is Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse treated?

Answer 28

Laryngoplasty - tieback Ventriculocordectomy - hobday, remove ventricle and vocal cord Laryngeal reinnervation

Question 29

What is 4th Branchial Arch Defect?

Answer 29

Congenital defect – failure in the development of the 4th branchial arch – ring of thyroid, cricothyroid articulation, cricothyroideus, cricopharyngeal muscles

Question 30

What are the two main viral causes of infectious respiratory disease in horses?

Answer 30

Herpes virus | Influenza

Question 31

What are the two main bacterial causes of infectious respiratory disease in horses and foals?

Answer 31

Strep equi - strangyles | Rhodococcus equi - foals

Question 32

What are the main diagnostic techniques for infectious respiratory diseases in horses?

Answer 32

Antibody titres Nasal/nasopharyngeal swab Gutteral pouch lavage

Question 33

What do EHV1&4 cause?

Answer 33

URT infection | Also abortion

Question 34

How do you treat EHV1&4?

Answer 34

No specific treatment | Rest, NSAIDs, antibiotics for infections

Question 35

What does equine influenza cause?

Answer 35

U/LRT -damages respiratory epithelium | Persisent cough

Question 36

How is equine influenza detected?

Answer 36

PCR on nasopharyngeal swab

Question 37

How is equine influenza controlled?

Answer 37

Isolate and vaccinate

Question 38

What does strangyles/strep equi cause?

Answer 38

URT lymph node infection - retropharyngeal, submandibular lymph nodes Can spread, persist in gutteral pouch

Question 39

What are the clinical signs of strangyles?

Answer 39

Purulent nasal discharge | Lymphadenopathy

Question 40

How is strangyles treated?

Answer 40

Isolate (until 3 negative tests) Improve hygiene NSAIDs Antibiotics - only if necessary

Question 41

How is strangyles controlled?

Answer 41

Vaccination

Question 42

What does rhodococcus equi cause?

Answer 42

Bacterial pneumonia – abscesses in lungs | In foals

Question 43

What are the clinical signs of rhodococcus equi?

Answer 43

Tachypnoea Nasal discharge Cough Crackling lung sounds

Question 44

How is rhodococcus equi diagnosed?

Answer 44

High WBC and fibrinogen on TW/BAL | Imaging

Question 45

How is rhodococcus equi treated?

Answer 45

macrolide & rifampicin

Question 46

What are the main lungworms in horses?

Answer 46

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi | Parascaris Equorum

Question 47

How do you treat lungworm in horses?

Answer 47

Ivermectin, Fenbendazole

Question 48

What is the most common type of inflammatory response in horses?

Answer 48

Neutrophilia

Question 49

What are the most common lower respiratory tract diseases in horses?

Answer 49

Equine asthma | Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 50

What are the main treatments for lower respiratory tract diseases in horses?

Answer 50

Corticosteroids - anti-inflammatories eg. Dexamethosone, prednisolone Bronchodilators - buscopan, atropine, clenbuterol

Question 51

What is severe equine asthma?

Answer 51

Obstructive lower resp tract disease due to immune mediated hypersensitivity causeing airway inflammation

Question 52

What makes severe equine asthma an obstructive disease?

Answer 52

bronchospasm, increase mucus, oedema, inflammation

Question 53

How is equine asthma diagnosed?

Answer 53

Neutrophilia TW/BAL | Endoscopy

Question 54

How is mild to moderate asthma treated?

Answer 54

Environmental management | Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone

Question 55

How is severe asthma treated?

Answer 55

Bronchodilator - buscopan Clenbuterol Atropine Corticosteroid - prednisolone

Question 56

What is mild to moderate asthma?

Answer 56

Inflammatory airway disease | Poor performance, serous-mucoid discharge

Question 57

What is exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage?

Answer 57

Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries from high pulmonary pressures