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CVSOH BVSc3 > Virology - paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus and papillomavirus > Flashcards

Virology - paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus and papillomavirus Flashcards

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1
Q

What classification of virus are paramyxoviruses?

A

Single stranded negative sense RNA virus

Group 5 of the Baltimore classification system

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2
Q

What common human diseases are paramyxoviruses?

A

Mumps, measles, main resp infections in infants

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3
Q

What is the morphology of paramyxoviruses?

A

Pleiomorphic - different depending on genus, eg. spherical, filamentous, asymmetric

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4
Q

When do paramyxoviruses have filamentous structure?

A

When they have more matrix proteins in their membrane

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5
Q

Does paramyxovirus have a lipid envelope?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What symmetry is the paramyxovirus nucleocapsid?

A

Helical

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7
Q

What are the two types of attachment proteins on the paramyxovirus envelope?

A

Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase

Or a glycoprotein

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8
Q

What does the attachment protein do on the paramyxovirus envelope?

A

Allow the virus to bind to cell surface receptors

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9
Q

What does the fusion protein do on the paramyxovirus envelope?

A

Causes the viral envelope to fuse with the host cell membrane

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10
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the virion?

A

Matrix protein

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11
Q

What is the role of the matrix proteins?

A

Help assemble the virions by providing a structural link between the envelope glycoproteins and their ribonuclear protein

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12
Q

What does the paramyxovirus have on the ends of its genome?

A

No 5’ cap and no poly-A tail

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13
Q

What is positive sense RNA the same as?

A

mRNA

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14
Q

Is the paramyxovirus genome segmented?

A

No

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15
Q

What makes the RdRp from paramyxovirus genome?

A

The L (large) protein and the P (phospho) protein

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16
Q

What is transcriptional polarity?

A

When RdRp falls off genome so the genes at the 3’ end get transcribed more

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17
Q

What receptor does paramyxovirus use to enter epithelial cells?

A

Sialic acid

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18
Q

What mechanism does paramyxovirus use to enter cells?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

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19
Q

What is syncytia?

A

Fusion of an infected cell with neighbouring cells making large multinucleated cells

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20
Q

What causes syncytia?

A

Viral fusion proteins

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21
Q

What does paramyxoviruses cause to RBCs?

A

Haemagglutination

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22
Q

What are two veterinary examples of paramyxoviruses?

A

Canine distemper virus

Rinderpest

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23
Q

What animals does canine distemper virus affect?

A

Dogs, foxes, large cats, badgers, seals

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24
Q

How does canine distemper virus enter the host?

A

Through alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the respiratory tract

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25
What is the SLAM molecule used for in canine distemper virus?
Getting into immune cells and therefore the lymphatic system
26
What is the nectin molecule used for in canine distemper virus?
Getting into epithelial cells in respiratory tract
27
How is canine distemper virus transmitted?
Aerosols
28
What does canine distemper virus cause after infection of lymphatic system?
Cytolysis of lymphocytes and drop in WBCs causing immunosuppression Then systemic disease occurs
29
What cells does canine distemper virus infect in the CNS?
Neurones and glial cells
30
What does canine distemper virus cause in animals that do not recover from the virus?
Demyelination and encephalitis, neurological signs and death
31
What are the symptoms of canine distemper virus?
Initial infection - flu like symptoms | Later stages - neuro signs, thickening of nose and foot pads sometimes
32
How is canine distemper virus diagnosed?
``` Blood and urine tests PCR Serology - ELISA Stain for antigens in lymph nodes Haemagglutination assay ```
33
How is canine distemper virus treated?
No cure - supportive | Antibiotics for secondary infections
34
What kind of vaccine is used for canine distemper virus?
Modified live CDV vaccine | Heterotypic measles virus vaccination - good for overriding maternal antibodies
35
Is rinderpest a big problem?
No - eradicated in 2011 | Is still a notifiable disease
36
What are the symptoms of rinderpest?
``` Ulcerating sores in soft palate Fever Diarrhoea Weakness Death in 10 days ```
37
How is rinderpest spread?
Contaminated water Direct contact Aerosols
38
How was rinderpest controlled?
Live attenuated virus vaccine | Quarantining of transported animals
39
What is the classification of rhabdoviruses?
Negative sense single stranded RNA | Group 5
40
What do rhabdoviruses infect?
Vertebrates, invertebrates and plants
41
What is the symmetry of the rhabdovirus nucleocapsid?
Helical
42
Does rhabdovirus have an envelope?
Yes
43
What three proteins make up the rhabdovirus nucleocapsid?
L protein - RdRp P protein - viral polymerase N protein - nucleoprotein
44
What genus is rabies in?
Lyssavirus
45
How is rabies transmitted?
Bites from rabid dogs - 99%
46
What is the lyssavirus that is present in the UK?
European bat lyssavirus (not the same as the classic rabies virus) Very low numbers
47
What receptors does rabies virus G glycoprotein bind to?
Acetyl choline receptor on muscle cells | NCAM and P75 neurotrophin receptor on neurons
48
Where does rabies viral replication occur?
Cytoplasm after being released from the endosome
49
Where does the rabies virus bud from?
Membranes in the cytoplasm of neurones eg. SER (doesnt leave cell) Plasma membranes of salivary gland epithelial cells (leave cell)
50
What causes the behavioural symptoms of rabies?
Infection of the limbic system
51
What are the two forms of rabies symptoms?
Excitive/furious phase | Paralytic/dumb phase
52
What are the symptoms of the excitive phase of rabies?
``` Hyperactivity Hypersalivation Hydrophobia Agitation Coma Death ```
53
What species is paralytic phase of rabies found in?
Ruminants and horses
54
What are the symptoms of paralytic rabies?
Flaccid paralysis spreading from the site of the bite | Death from resp failure
55
How does the virus spread from the brain to he salivary glands?
Via symp and parasymp nerves
56
When is rabies virus shed?
Shed before symptoms appear, time depending on the species
57
How is rabies diagnosed?
Suspected animal killed and brain tissue collected Immunohistological assessment of tissues PCR of tissues and saliva
58
What is the vaccine plan for rabies called?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) | Giving oral or injected vaccines before contracting the virus
59
How is a case of rabies in humans treated?
Post-exposure prophylaxis within 24 hours: Clean wound Give dose of human rabies immunoglobulin/antibody Give vaccine on days 0, 3, 7 and 14
60
What is the classification of papillomavirus?
Double stranded DNA - circular | Group 1
61
Does papillomavirus have an envelope?
No
62
What symmetry is the papillomavirus nucleocapsid?
Icosahedral
63
What is found on the outer structure of a papillomavirus?
Capsid proteins L1 (major one) and L2 | These are hypervariable amino acid loops
64
Which genes/proteins on the papillomavirus genome are non-structural/regulatory?
Early proteins/genes - E1-8
65
What do papillomaviruses use to replicate?
Host cell nuclear machinery/replication factors/enzymes | Because papillomavirus doesnt encode for a polymerase
66
What does papillomavirus E1 protein do?
Is a helicase that unwinds the viral DNA
67
What cells do papillomaviruses infect/replicate in?
Stratified squamous epithelial cells and mucosal epithelial cells
68
Which cells are infected by papillomavirus initially?
Basal keratinocytes via fissues/wounds
69
How does papillomavirus enter cells?
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis after binding to heparin sulphate
70
Where is the viral genome replicated in papillomaviruses?
Nucleus
71
How does papillomavirus exit cells?
Cell death | Often just when cells are replaced naturally
72
What does E5 cause in papillomaviruses?
Increase in cell division via various methods
73
What are the three methods E5 from papillomaviruses uses to affect host cells?
Cell cycle dysregulation Contact inhibition Affects immune response
74
How does E5 cause cell cycle dysregulation in papillomaviruses?
It binds to platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-R) This induces the cell to keep dividing
75
How does E5 cause contact inhibition in papillomaviruses?
It disrupts gap junction signalling | So cells cant tell they are close to other cells so dont stop dividing
76
How does E5 affect the immune response to cells infected with papillomavirus?
It stops MHC receptors so virally infected cells arent recognised by the immune system
77
How does E6 affect papillomavirus infected host cells?
It destroys the p53 transcription factor which induces apoptosis in virally infected cells So prevents apoptosis
78
How does E7 affect papillomavirus infect host cells?
Interacts with suppressor proteins so there is no suppression of transcription factors and the cell cycle is uncontrolled
79
Where does papillomavirus viral protein production, viral gene expression and viral assembly occur?
Upper differentiated layers of stratum spinosum and granulosum of squamous epithelial cells
80
Where does papillomavirus only affect affect?
Keratinocytes - only cells in the epithelium so skin and GI tract
81
What papillomavirus viral genes are expressed in the basal layer of the epithelium?
E6 and E7
82
What papillomavirus viral genes are expressed in the upper layers of the epithelium?
All genes, early and late
83
What happens to the papillomavirus in the upper layers of the epithelium?
DNA replication and viral gene expression is upregulated Viral copy number is amplified and genomes are encapsulated These exit the cell as infectious viral particles
84
What are two papillomavirus diseases that affects cows?
Bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma | Enzootic haematuria
85
Where does bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma affect in the body?
Oesophagus, rumen and reticulum
86
What causes the lesions of bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma to turn malignant?
Bracken fern
87
What type of cancer is bovine alimentary papilloma carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma
88
Where in the body does enzootic haematuria affect?
The bladder
89
What causes enzootic haematuria?
Grazing on poor pastures with lots of bracken fern
90
What are the symptoms of enzootic haematuria?
Haemorrhaging from tumours in the bladder
91
What disease in horses is caused by papillomavirus?
Equine sarcoids
92
Which type of BPV is associated with equine sarcoids?
Type 1 or 2
93
What type of neoplasm is equine sarcoids?
Locally invasive benign fibroblastic skin/cutaneous tumour
94
How are equine sarcoids treated?
Surgical removal - recurrence is common
95
Can you vaccinate against equine sarcoids?
No

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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