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CVSOH BVSc3 > Cardiac system pathology > Flashcards

Cardiac system pathology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

What is volume overload?

A

Adaptation to compensate for abnormal increase in blood volume within the heart chambers

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2
Q

What is pressure overload?

A

Adaptation to compensate for increase in resistance in blood flow

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3
Q

What are some causes of volume oveload?

A

Shunts

Valvular insufficiencies

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4
Q

What are some causes of pressure overload?

A

Increased pulmonary/systemic pressure

Stenosis (narrowing) of ventricular outflow

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5
Q

What does volume overload cause?

A

Eccentric hypertrophy

Also atrial dilation

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6
Q

Is volume overload a problem with diastole or systole?

A

Diastole - increased end diastolic volume

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7
Q

What does eccentric hypertrophy look like?

A

Ventricular wall is thickened but due to enlargement of the chamber it can appear normal when stretched

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8
Q

What causes atrial dilation to occur due to volume overload?

A

Left atrioventricular valve insufficiency- blood goes backwards into atrium

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9
Q

What does pressure overload cause?

A

Concentric hypertrophy

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10
Q

What is concentric hypertrophy?

A

Thickened ventricular walls - new sarcomeres forming in parallel to generate more force to eject blood

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11
Q

Is concentric hypertrophy an issue with diastole or systole?

A

Systole - excessive afterload causing increased systolic wall stress
More pressure needed during systole

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12
Q

What is pulmonic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening

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13
Q

What does pulmonic stenosis cause?

A

Pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy

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14
Q

What does concentric hypertrophy look like?

A

Thickened ventricular wall

Lumen normal or reduced in size

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15
Q

Why is myocardial hypertrophy bad?

A

Insufficient blood supply
Cardiomyocyte death/fibrosis
Reduced ventricular wall compliance

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16
Q

What congenital malformations cause left to right shunting of blood?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus
Atrial/ventricular septal defect
Endocardial cushion defects

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17
Q

Where does the blood shunt from in a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Aorta into the pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What are secondary effects of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Pulmonary oedema
LHS systolic murmur
Volume overload - more blood draining from lungs
Pressure overload - pulmonary hypertension

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19
Q

Where is an atrial septal defect located?

A

Foramen ovale

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20
Q

Where is a ventricular septal defect located?

A

Ventricular muscle

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21
Q

What are potential secondary effects of ventricular septal defect?

A

Left to right shunt
Murmur
Left side volume overload
Right side volume and pressure overload

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22
Q

What are endocardial cushion defects?

A

Poorly formed walls separating the chambers of the heart – blood mixes easily

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23
Q

What are the different locations of stenosis?

A

Supravalvular
Valvular
Subvalvular - tissues beneath valve in ventricle

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24
Q

What is the most common location/cause of pulmonic stenosis?

A

Valvular - leaflet thickening, fusion/ hyperplasia of valve annulus

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25
What is the most common location/cause of aortic stenosis?
Subvalvular - plaques, ridges of connective tissue
26
What is atrioventricular valve dysplasia?
Irregular leaflet & Chordae Tendineae
27
What are some consequences of atrioventricular valve dysplasia?
Irregular leaflets & Chordae Tendineae | Fusion of leaflet
28
What is transposition of aorta/pulmonary artery?
Switching of Aorta/ Pulmonary artery | Presence of ventricular septal defect allows for blood mixing
29
What is an overriding aorta?
Aorta right above the VSD – Aorta able to receive blood from both ventricles
30
What is the name for the condition with 4 congenital heart defects all at once?
Tetralogy of Fallot
31
What are the 4 conditions of Tetralogy of Fallot?
VSD Pulmonary stenosis Overriding Aorta RV hypertrophy
32
What are the 3 different types of pericarditis?
Fibrinous Suppurative(purulent) Constrictive
33
What animals is fibrinous pericarditis mostly found in?
Farm animals
34
What is fibrinous pericarditis mostly associated with?
Bacterial septicaemia and haematogenous infections
35
What are the main features of fibrinous pericarditis?
Fibrin strands attached or free floating within pericardial sac
36
What causes suppurative pericarditis?
Infection with pyogenic bacteria causing purulent/ fibrinopurulent exudate
37
What is constrictive pericarditis?
Formation of severe adhesions from organized fibrous granulation tissue within the pericardium
38
What is hydropericardium?
Excess volume of clear fluid within the pericardial space
39
What can cause hydropericardium?
Causes of generalised oedema Toxaemia Neoplasms - cardiac haemangiosarcoma
40
Where does cardiac haemangiosarcoma arise from?
Right atrium/auricle blood vessels
41
What is haemopericardium?
Accumulation of pure blood in pericardial cavity
42
What can cause haemopericardium?
Rupture of atrium or blood vessel Clotting defect Neoplastic disease
43
What is cardiac tamponade?
Rapid accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac which compresses/restricts heart expansion
44
What are the consequences of cardiac tamponade?
Impaired cardiac filling Reduced CO Heart failure Cardiogenic shock
45
What are the 3 main types of cardiomyopathy/myocardial diseases?
Dilated cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy
46
What is a cardiomyopathy?
PRIMARY structural and functional changes affecting the myocardium that no obvious cause is evident (eg. not secondary to congenital defects)
47
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
Reduced myocardial contractility and chamber dilation
48
What type of function does dilated cardiomyopathy affect?
Affects systolic function - cant contract, reduced CO
49
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Ventricular hypertrophy - thickened ventricle walls | Reduced wall compliance
50
What type of function does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affect?
Affects diastolic function - ventricles cant fill so reduced end diastolic volume
51
What is a consequence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Left atrial enlargement | Left sided congestive heart failure
52
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy related to?
Ventricular hypertrophy
53
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Endocardial/ myocardial fibrosis Reduced ventricular wall compliance Increased ventricular stiffness
54
What are the anatomical features of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Thin ventricular walls | Stretched AV valve annulus
55
What is the most common cause of heart disease in cats?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
56
Where does segmental hypertrophic cardiomyopathy primarily affect?
Basal regions of the ventricular septum
57
What is the main species affected by each type of cardiomyopathy?
Dilated - Dogs Hypertrophic - cats Restrictive - cats
58
What are 2 functional effects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract - narrowing Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve
59
Which type of cardiomyopathy is less common?
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
60
What is the most common cardiac disease in dogs?
Valvular endocardiosis (NOT ENDOCARDITIS)
61
What is valvular endocardiosis?
Distortion of valve leaflets - valvular insufficiency | Slowly progressive degenerative condition
62
What predisposes to valvular endocardiosis?
Small/medium dog breeds | Cavalier king Charles spaniel
63
What is another name for valvular endocardiosis?
Myxomatous mitral valve disease
64
Which valve is the most commonly affected valve in valvular endocardiosis (MMVD) in dogs?
Left atrioventricular valve - mitral valve
65
Which valve is the most commonly affected valve in valvular endocardiosis (MMVD) in horses?
Aortic and left AV/mitral valve
66
What are the gross features of valvular endocardiosis (MMVD) ?
Thickened leaflet | Smooth pink nodules
67
What are the consequences of valvular endocardiosis (MMVD)?
``` Left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy - volume overload Left atrial dilation - regurgitation Murmur Jet lesion Chordae tendineae rupture Atrial rupture ```
68
What is valvular endocarditis?
Inflammation of the endocardium - heart valves
69
What animals are most commonly affected by valvular endocarditis?
Farm animals
70
What causes valvular endocarditis?
Bacteria and trauma leading to inflammation and fibrin deposition
71
What are the gross features of valvular endocarditis?
Raised irregular yellow plaques
72
What are the consequences of valvular endocarditis?
Valvular insufficiency - volume overload Valvular stenosis - pressure overload Septic embolism
73
What is cardiac failure?
Failure to: Eject sufficient blood to meet requirements Recieve enough blood to adequately drain systemic/pulmonary systems
74
What is acute heart failure?
Rapid onset of new/worsening symptoms of HF
75
What is a consequence of acute heart failure?
Cardiac syncope - big changes to BP and HR | Causes collapse and unconsciousness
76
What are the two types of chronic heart failure?
Forward and backward failure
77
What is forward failure?
Inadequate CARDIAC OUTPUT and decreased perfusion of peripheral tissues
78
What is a consequence of forward heart failure?
Cardiogenic shock
79
What is backward failure?
Failure to deal with VENOUS RETURN causing congestion of venous and capillary beds
80
What are the consequences of backward heart failure?
Congestion and oedema
81
What type of heart failure does left sided heart failure cause?
Backward failure to lungs - pulmonary congestion and oedema | Forward failure to body- ischaemia/hypoxia
82
What type of heart failure does right sided heart failure cause?
Backward failure to body - systemic congestion and oedema
83
What are the symptoms of left sided heart failure?
Dyspnoea and cough | Shock, hypotension
84
What are the symptoms of right sided heart failure?
Ascites Pleural effusion Peripheral oedema (All from backwards failure)
85
What is the main symptom of right sided heart failure in dogs?
Ascites - fluid in body cavities
86
What is the main symptom of right sided heart failure in cats?
Pleural effusion
87
What is the main symptom of right sided heart failure in ruminants and horses?
Peripheral oedema
88
What is a cardiac biomarker for cardiomyocyte damage?
Cardiac troponin I
89
What is a cardiac biomarker for cardiomyocyte stretching?
NT-pro BNP

CVSOH BVSc3 (60 decks)

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