Basic neuroanatomy

Question 1

Brodmann’s areas: 44, 45

Answer 1

Broca’s area

Question 2

What are Mesulam’s 5 large-scale networks?

Answer 2

1. Spatial Attention (RH) 2. Language (LH) 3. Memory-emotion (limbic) 4. Exec fx-comportment (prefrontal) 5. Face-and-object ID (ventral occipitotemporal)

Question 3

The CNS arises from which germ cell layer?

Answer 3

Ectoderm, which folds over the form the neural tube

Question 3

The spinomesencephalic is involved in

Answer 3

Pain modulation

Question 3

Brodmann’s areas: 17

Answer 3

Primary visual cortex

Question 4

The spinoreticular tract provides info on

Answer 4

Emotional & arousal aspects of pain

Question 4

Brodmann’s areas: 41

Answer 4

Primary auditory cortex

Question 5

MCA inferior division supplies

Answer 5

Cortex below Sylvian fissure including lateral temporal lobe & variable portion of parietal

Question 6

Which thalamic nucleus is involved in the visual pathway?

Answer 6

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 6

What information is carried by the anterolateral system?

Answer 6

Pain/nociception & temperature

Question 6

Brodmann’s areas: 38, 39

Answer 6

Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

Question 7

Which thalamic nucleus is involved in the auditory pathway?

Answer 7

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Question 7

Brodmann’s areas: 4

Answer 7

Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus

Question 7

Brodmann’s areas: 8

Answer 7

Frontal eye fields

Question 7

Brodmann’s areas: 9, 10, 11, 12

Answer 7

Prefrontal association areas

Question 10

Which layer of neocortex receives inputs from the thalamus?

Answer 10

IV - Granular/internal granular layer

Question 10

Which layer of neocortex sends outputs to subcortical structures other than the thalamus?

Answer 10

V - Large pyramidal/internal pyramidal layer

Question 11

Dorsal vs. ventral nerve roots

Answer 11

Dorsal = afferent sensory signals, Ventral = efferent motor signals

Question 12

Which layer of neocortex sends outputs to the thalamus?

Answer 12

VI - Polymorphic/multiform layer

Question 13

What information is carried by the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway?

Answer 13

Proprioception, fine/discriminative touch, vibration, join position sense

Question 14

Which thalamic nucleus receives somatosensory input from the body?

Answer 14

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)

Question 15

When below the midbrain, what directions do the following terms refer to? a) rostral b) caudal c) dorsal d) ventral

Answer 15

a) superior b) inferior c) posterior d) anterior

Question 16

Main branches of the internal carotid arteries

Answer 16

Ophthalmic, PComm, anterior choroidal, ACA, MCA

Question 16

Which intracranial arteries are particularly prone to narrowing in HTN?

Answer 16

Lenticulostriate arteries

Question 17

Which layers of neocortex contain mostly cortical-cortical connections?

Answer 17

II - Small pyramidal/external granular layer III - Medium pyramidal/external pyramidal layer

Question 18

Signs of UMN lesions

Answer 18

Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, + Babinski, spastic paralysis

Question 19

Major branches of the anterior cerebral artery

Answer 19

Pericallosal, callosomarginal, recurrent artery of Heubner

Question 20

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Answer 20

Hemisection of the spinal cord; results in CL loss of pain & temp below lesion, IL loss of discriminative touch & vibration below lesion, & IL motor paralysis below lesion

Question 21

MCA superior division supplies

Answer 21

Cortex above the Sylvian fissure including lateral frontal lobe & peri-Rolandic cortex

Question 22

What structures make up the mesencephalon?

Answer 22

Cerebral peduncles/red nucleus, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

Question 22

The spinomesencephalic tract projects to what structures?

Answer 22

Midbrain periaqueductal gray matter & superior colliculi

Question 23

Which thalamic nucleus is involved in explicit memory?

Answer 23

Anterior nucleus

Question 24

Which thalamic nucleus receives somatosensory input from the face/cranial nerves?

Answer 24

Ventral posteriomedial nucleus (VPM)

Question 25

The sympathetic nervous system arises from what spinal cord levels?

Answer 25

T1-L2

Question 25

Brodmann's areas: 5, 7

Answer 25

Posterior parietal association areas

Question 26

Basal forebrain

Answer 26

Region at the base of the frontal lobes that provides the major cholinergic innervation to the neocortex & medial temporal lobes; includes nucleus basalis of Meynert, diagonal band of Broca, septal nuclei

Question 27

Branches of the posterior cerebral artery

Answer 27

Thalamoperforator, thalamogeniculate, posterior choroidal

Question 28

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release onto end organs?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine

Question 30

Brodmann's areas: 42

Answer 30

Secondary auditory cortex

Question 31

What percentage of the population have a complete Circle of Willis?

Answer 31

25%

Question 32

The superior and inferior colliculi are involved in

Answer 32

Superior - visual attention, inferior - auditory attention

Question 33

Where does the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway decussate?

Answer 33

Medulla

Question 34

Brodmann's areas: 18

Answer 34

Secondary visual cortex

Question 35

The internal carotid arteries arise from

Answer 35

Common carotids

Question 36

The vertebral arteries arise from

Answer 36

Subclavian arteries

Question 38

The parasympathetic nervous system arises from what spinal cord levels?

Answer 38

S2 to S4 & CNs

Question 39

Signs of LMN lesions

Answer 39

Atrophy, fasciculations, hyporeflexia, hypotonia

Question 41

What are the 2 sections of the rhombencephalon?

Answer 41

1. Metecephalon (pons & cerebellum) 2. Myelencephalon (medulla)

Question 42

Situs inversus

Answer 42

Complete reversal of cerebral laterality & specialization in which the left hemisphere is dominant for visuospatial processing & the right hemisphere is dominant for language

Question 43

Archicortex

Answer 43

Allocortex; 3-layered hippocampal cortex & dentate gyrus; oldest region of cortex

Question 46

Which thalamic nuclei serve as relay loops for basal ganglia & cerebellar inputs to the cortex?

Answer 46

Ventral anterior (VA) & lateral (VL) nuclei

Question 47

When above the midbrain, what directions do the following terms refer to? a) rostral b) caudal c) dorsal d) ventral

Answer 47

a) anterior b) posterior c) superior d) inferior

Question 50

What are the 3 sections of the developing brain?

Answer 50

1. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Question 51

Paleocortex

Answer 51

Allocortex; olfactory cortex

Question 52

Where does the anterolateral system decussate?

Answer 52

Spinal cord

Question 53

Brodmann's areas: 22

Answer 53

Wernicke's area

Question 54

Transection of the spinal cord leads to

Answer 54

Complete loss of sensation & motor function below the lesion

Question 56

Which layer of neocortex contains mostly dendrites & axons from other layers?

Answer 56

I - Molecular layer

Question 57

What percentage of left handed individuals are L-hemisphere dominant for language?

Answer 57

60%; 20% are mixed

Question 58

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release onto end organs?

Answer 58

Norepinephrine

Question 60

What cognitive functions are associated with the insula?

Answer 60

Previously acquired memories, non-automatic word processing, taste

Question 61

Main branches of the basilar artery

Answer 61

PCA, SCA, AICA, PICA

Question 62

Heschl's gyrus is larger on which side of the brain?

Answer 62

R

Question 63

What are the 2 sections of the prosencephalon?

Answer 63

1. Telencephalon (hemispheres) 2. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

Question 64

What are the divisions of the corpus callosum?

Answer 64

Rostrum, genu, body, splenium

Question 65

Decorticate vs. decrebrate

Answer 65

Decorticate = lesion is higher, flexed arms point up toward cortex Decerebrate = lesion is lower, extended arms point down

Question 66

Membrane that separates the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles from the CC to the fornix

Answer 66

Septum pellucidum

Question 68

Prefrontal, post parietal, lateral temporal, portion of hippocampal cortices are all considered

Answer 68

Neocortex

Question 69

Brodmann's areas: 1, 2, 3

Answer 69

Primary somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus

Question 70

What artery gives rise to the lenticulostriate arteries?

Answer 70

MCA

Question 71

Which thalamic nucleus is part of a major limbic-frontal relay pathway?

Answer 71

Mediodorsal nucleus (MD)