Endocrine system & disorders

Question 1

Functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 1

HEAL:
Homeostatic
Endocrine
Autonomic control
Limbic

Question 2

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 2

“master clock” for circadian rhythms; receives input from retinal ganglion cells conveying info about day-night cycles

Question 3

Ventral lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

Releases GABA that inhibits histaminergic neurons in tuberomamillary nucleus for nonREM sleep

Question 4

Lateral hypothalamic area

Answer 4

Important in increasing appetite; lesions cause a decrease in body weight

Question 5

Medial hypothalamus

Answer 5

Important in inhibiting appetite; lesions can cause obesity

Question 6

Anterior hypothalamus

Answer 6

Thurst; detects increased body temp & activates mechanisms of heat dissipation; lesions can cause hyperthermia

Question 7

Posterior hypothalamus

Answer 7

Functions to conserve heat

Question 8

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 8

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid hormones important for maintaining BP, controlling electrolyte balance, & promoting glucose mobilization into blood stream

Question 9

Cushing’s disease

Answer 9

Associated with increased adrenocortical secretion of cortisol

Can see memory loss, emotional lability, depression, somatic delusions

Question 10

Addison’s disease is caused by

Answer 10

Decreased cortisol

Question 11

Growth hormone abnormalities can cause

Answer 11

Dwarfism or gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults

Question 12

Thyroid gland hormones affect what 3 fundamental processes?

Answer 12

cellular differentiation, growth, metabolism

Question 13

Cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 13

Secretes corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory, suppresses immune system, known to raise BP

Question 14

Medulla of the adrenal glands

Answer 14

Secretes epinephrine & other similar hormones, responds to stressors

Question 15

What gland secretes melatonin?

Answer 15

Pineal gland

Question 16

Type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Answer 16

Pts develop little or no insulin

Diagnosed < age 30

Question 17

Type II diabetes (NIDDM)

Answer 17

Pancreas continues to manufacture insulin, sometimes at higher levels, but body develops resistance to its effects, resulting in insulin deficiency

Question 18

Other causes of diabetes include

Answer 18

High level of corticosteroids, pregnancy, drugs, poisons that interfere w/ production/effects of insulin

Question 19

Medial symptoms of diabetes

Answer 19

Polyuria & polydipsia, polyphagia (loss of calories through urination cause weight loss, body needs to compensate), blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea, decreased endurance, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 20

End stage renal disease

Answer 20

Condition involving irreversible failure of excretory & regulatory functions of the kidneys

Question 21

Stages of renal disease

Answer 21

Diminished renal reserve - measurable loss of renal function is noted; homeostasis is preserved at the expense of some hormonal adaptation

Renal insufficiency - slight retention of nitrogenous compounds

Uremia - accumulation in blood of constituents normally eliminated in urine that produces a severe toxic condition

Question 22

Effects of uremia on cognition

Answer 22

Attention, psychomotor speed, immediate recall, mental flexibility

Question 23

Most common causes of renal failure

Answer 23

DM, HTN, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease

Question 24

Early symptoms of renal failure

Answer 24

Fatigue, drowsiness, apathy, lethargy, social withdrawal, personality changes, decreased concentration, diminished attention span

Question 25

Progressed neuropsychological symptoms of end stage renal disease

Answer 25

Confusion, poor concentration, decreased mental alertness, fatigability, intellectual impairment, impaired memory, sensory perception deficits, diminished perceptual-motor coordination

Question 26

Neurocognitive effects of hyperthyroidism

Answer 26

Slower reaction time, impaired motor tasks (likely due to fatigue), mild deficits in attention, memory, complex problem solving

Question 27

Affective features of hyperthyroidism

Answer 27

Emotional instability/lability, general hyperactivity, irritability, easy fatigability, heat intolerance, feelings of apprehension, restlessness, inability to concentrate

Question 28

Cognitive effects of hypothyroidism

Answer 28

Sluggish, lethargic, concentration & memory problems, effects on motor speed, visuomotor processing, visuospatial & visuoconstructional deficits

Question 29

Affective features of hypothyroidism

Answer 29

Symptoms of depression, emotional lability, mental sluggishness, indifference, self-accusatory ruminations, suspiciousness

Question 30

Pituitary apoplexy

Answer 30

Results from spontaneous hemorrhage from pituitary tumors; sudden HA, meningeal signs, unilateral or bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome, visual loss, hypotension, depressed LOC

Question 31

Pituitary adenoma

Answer 31

Slow-growing histologically benign tumor arising from cells in the anterior pituitary