Flashcards in BIO 330 Deck (379)
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31
Normal distribution, 1SD
~2/3 of the area under the curve (2SD = 95%)
32
random trial
process/experiment with ≥2 possible outcomes who occurrence can not be predicted
33
sample space
all possible outcomes
34
event
any subset of the sample space (≥1 outcome)
35
mutually exclusive events
P[A and B] = 0
36
mutually exclusive addition rule
P[7U11] = P[7} + P[11]
37
general addition rule
P[AUB] = P[A] + P[B] - P[A and B]
38
multiplication rule
independent events
P[A and B] = P[A] x P[B]
39
conditional probability
P[A I B] = P[A and B] / P[B]
40
collection of individual easily available to researcher
sample of convenience
41
random sample
ever unit has equal opportunity, selection of unit independent, minimizes bias, possible to measure sampling error
42
problem with sample of convenience
assume unbiased/independent- no guarantee
43
volunteer bias
health conscious, low income, ill, more time, angry, less prudish
44
frequency distribution
describes # of times each value of a variable occurs in sample
45
probability distribution
distribution of variable in whole population
46
absolute frequency
# of times value is observed
47
relative frequency
proportion of individuals which have that value
48
experimental studies can
determine cause and effect
*cause
49
observational studies can
only point to cause
*correlations
50
quantifying precision
smaller range of values (spread)
51
determining accuracy
usually can't- don't know true value
52
nominal categorical data with 2 choices
binomial
53
why aim for numerical data
it can be converted to categorical if need be
54
species richness
discrete (count)
55
rates
continuous
56
large sample
less effected by chance
lower sampling error
lower bias
57
rounding
round to one decimal place more than measurement (in calculations)
58
higher CV
more variability
59
proportions
p^ = # of observations in category of interest/ total # of observations in all categories
60
