Biochemistry

Question 1

What is the big idea one

Answer 1

the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life

Question 2

Unity

Answer 2

all living things made of the same five basic molecules

Question 3

The basic molecules

Answer 3

are individual subunits of larger molecules, they are referred to as monomers or building blocks

Question 4

how do monomers gain their chemical properties

Answer 4

from the combination and arrangement of the functional groups on the exterior of the monomer

Question 5

what are functional groups

Answer 5

small groups of atoms that confer specific chemical traits to anything they bond to

Question 6

Hydroxyl group

Answer 6

(-OH) makes things polar and water soluble

Question 7

Carboxyl group

Answer 7

(-COOH) makes things acid and water soluble

Question 8

Phosphate groups

Answer 8

(-OPO3) energizes water and makes water soluble

Question 9

Amino group

Answer 9

(NH2) makes things bases

Question 10

Methyl group

Answer 10

(-CH3) makes things nonpolar and insoluble

Question 11

What do water soluble functional groups have in common

Answer 11

oxygen

Question 12

Big idea 2

Answer 12

biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis

Question 13

monomers

Answer 13

molecular building blocks, small organic molecules joined together to form larger molecules

Question 14

Macromolecules

Answer 14

monomers covalently bonded together form giant. Any large biological molecule made by fusing together monomers

Question 15

Polymer

Answer 15

all the monomers are the same type in the giant molecule

Question 16

Macromolecules examples

Answer 16

triglycerides

peptides (also polymer since made up of all amino acids)

Question 17

all organic molecules must have

Answer 17

carbon and hydrogen

Question 18

hydrocarbons

Answer 18

only C and H

Question 19

Carbohydrates

Answer 19

have only C, H, and O

Question 20

What inorganic compounds would you expect to find in you

Answer 20

CO2
H2O
NACL
HCL

Question 21

Why carbon based life forms

Answer 21

carbon can bond to 4 other atoms
bonds are strong covalent
can form double bonds, rings, and chains

Question 22

what happens to ionic molecules in aqueous solution

Answer 22

dissociate

Question 23

Bond strength in order in living systems

Answer 23

covalent bond >ionic bond >hydrogen bond

Question 24

All living things are made of

Answer 24

saccharides
lipids
proteins(polypeptides)
nucleotides

Question 25

Saccharides

Answer 25

``` sugars made of monosaccharides only carbohydrates all have hydroxyl most dissolve in water ```

Question 26

monosaccharides

Answer 26

single monomer sugars | smallest unit of saccaharides

Question 27

monosaccharide examples

Answer 27

gluctose fructose galactose

Question 28

disaccharides

Answer 28

two monosaccarhides bonded together

Question 29

disaccharide examples

Answer 29

sucrose- table sugar (glucose and fructose) | lactose

Question 30

oligosaccahirdes

Answer 30

a few monosaccharides part of glycoproteins or glycolipids membrane receptors or identification markers

Question 31

polysaccharides

Answer 31

many | different properties based on bonding patterns and chain shape or folding patterns

Question 32

Polysaccharide examples

Answer 32

starch- cellulose- glycogen-

Question 33

hydroxl facing out v. in

Answer 33

facing out- soluble | in- insoluble

Question 34

lipids

Answer 34

macromolecules and grouped together due to hydrophobic nature

Question 35

triglycerides

Answer 35

one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids

Question 36

fats are usually solids mostly in

Answer 36

animals

Question 37

oils are ususally liquids in ---

Answer 37

plants

Question 38

triglyceride structure

Answer 38

one glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules

Question 39

glycerol

Answer 39

an alcohol that binds up to three monomers

Question 40

fatty acids

Answer 40

hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group on one end

Question 41

fat

Answer 41

made of saturated fatty acids no double bonds( full of H) packed tightly so dense and solid

Question 42

oil

Answer 42

one or more unsaturated fatty acid not enough H to take up all bonds double bonds make chain bend do not pack well, less dense, liquid

Question 43

How are trans fatty acids made

Answer 43

made by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids | partially hydrogenated oils,makes oils more solid, creates trans shaped double bonds

Question 44

what is the side effects for trans fatty acids

Answer 44

implicated in atherosclerosis ( plaque deposits in blood vessels)and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke and upsets cholesterol levels

Question 45

can our bodies make fatty acids

Answer 45

no so we must eat them

Question 46

examples of fatty acids we need

Answer 46

omega 3, not enough, omega 6, more than enough

Question 47

sources of fatty acids

Answer 47

fish, vegetables, oils

Question 48

steroids

Answer 48

made of 4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached

Question 49

phospholipids

Answer 49

glyerol bonds with 2 fatty acids and one phosphate

Question 50

fatty acid tails for phospholipis are

Answer 50

hydrophobic

Question 51

phosphate/ glycerol head for phospholipids are

Answer 51

hydrophilic

Question 52

phospholipids are blank towards water

Answer 52

amphipathic, like and fear water, one end likes the other fears

Question 53

waxes

Answer 53

long chains of fatty acids tightly packed to long chain alcohol or carbon rings, repel water

Question 54

proteins (polypeptides)

Answer 54

polymers made of amino acid monomers

Question 55

in proteins, each amino acid is a carbon bonded to a

Answer 55

amino group carboxyl group hydrogen and one of the 20 r groups

Question 56

r groups give the amino acids

Answer 56

characteristics (polar or non, acidic neg charge or basic plus charge)

Question 57

levels of protein structure 1*

Answer 57

chain of aa

Question 58

levels of protein structure 2*

Answer 58

chain of aa folds over on itself and sticks due to h bonds

Question 59

levels of protein structure 3*

Answer 59

3D shape due to disulfide bonds

Question 60

levels of protein structure 4*

Answer 60

> one chain of aa bonded together

Question 61

denaturation of proteins

Answer 61

3D shape of protein altered protein no longer functions properly, h bonds and disulfide bonds are broken

Question 62

What are largest monomer made of 3 different groups/monomers

Answer 62

neucleotides

Question 63

nucleotides made of

Answer 63

a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) a phosphate group a nitrogen base (A,T,G,C,or U)

Question 64

nucleotides can function alone as

Answer 64

coenzymes that transfer electron or H+ | ATP

Question 65

nucleotides can form

Answer 65

polymers called nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

Question 66

nucleic acids

Answer 66

polymers of many nucleotides- covalently bonded into chains

Question 67

DNA

Answer 67

made of nucleotides with the sugar deoxyribose

Question 68

RBA

Answer 68

made of nucleotides with the sugar ribose

Question 69

types of chemical reactions

Answer 69

``` functional group transfer electron transfer (redeox reaction) rearrangement of atoms condensation dehydration reaction hydrolysis reaction ```

Question 70

condensation dehydration reaction

Answer 70

``` remove water ( in form of H from one molecule and OH from the other) in order to stick two molecules together ```

Question 71

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 71

using water to break two molecules apart, put water in form of H and Oh back in

Question 72

starch-

Answer 72

starch-plant glucose storage

Question 73

cellulose-

Answer 73

plant cell walls/ fiber

Question 74

glycogen-

Answer 74

animal glucose storage

Question 75

wax examples

Answer 75

beeswax or plant cuticle

Question 76

proteins make

Answer 76

makes enzymes, hormones, muscle

Question 77

peptide bond

Answer 77

bond between amino acids

Question 78

Most important steroid

Answer 78

Cholesterol

Question 79

Cholesterol

Answer 79

Animal and cell membranes, precursor for steroid hormones,vitamin d and bile salts