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Ap Biology > transcription, translation, mutation > Flashcards

transcription, translation, mutation Flashcards

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1
Q

protein synthesis

A

How cells follow DNA directions on how to make proteins

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2
Q

Each chain of nucleotides is a

A

line of code

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3
Q

Each chain of nucleotides contains

A

directions for making many different proteins

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4
Q

each set of directions is a gene

A

one gene= one protein= one trait

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5
Q

steps in making a protein

A

1) Copy the Directions for one protein onto RNA (one gene)
Transcription

2) Use the RNA directions to make a protein
Translation

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6
Q

Transcription

A

Copy the Directions for one protein onto RNA (one gene)
RNA polymerase scans the DNA to find the gene it needs to copy
mRNA carries coded directions out into cell where it binds to a ribosome

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7
Q

what four jobs does RNA polymerase do in in transcription

A

1) unwind the DNA double helix
2) breaks hydrogen bonds to separate chains
3) match RNA nucleotides to the DNA gene
4) fuse the RNA nucleotides together to make a chain of RNA

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8
Q

mRNA

A

The chain of RNA that is made is called mRNA

Or messenger RNA

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9
Q

Translation

A

Translates nucleotide code of RNA into

the amino acid code of a protein

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10
Q

translation takes place where and is done by what

A

Takes place in the cytoplasm

Is done by a ribosome

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11
Q

mRNA

A

chain of nuclotides that make up the coded directions for making the protein

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12
Q

codon

A

the code for one amino acid

Every 3 nuclotides of mRNA is a codon

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13
Q

ribosome structure

A

made of two subunits; large ribosomal subunit made of RNA and small ribosomal site made of proteins

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14
Q

how does process in ribosome start

A

Subunits bind onto mRNA chain at start codon (P)

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15
Q

how many codons at a time are in ribosome

A

3

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16
Q

which codons are being read

A

codons in P and A

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17
Q

what do the letters E P and A stand for sites

A

E exit
A add on
P where it starts

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18
Q

what does tRNA do

A 
bring amino acids to the ribosome
Match the correct amino acid in place by matching their 
anti-codon to the 
mRNA codon
Fit into the E, P and A sites
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19
Q

how many amino acid types do each tRNA pick up

A

ONLY ONE KIND

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20
Q

what does tRNA do after dropping off amino acids at ribosome

A

moves back into the cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid(but always the same kind)

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21
Q

what enzyme binds amino acids to tRNA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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22
Q

steps to translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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23
Q

translation initiation

A

Ribosome subunits bond to mRNA

tRNA that matches start codon binds at site P

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24
Q

translation elongation

A

tRNA that matches 2nd codon binds at site A
ribosome attaches the 2 amino acids those tRNAs carry to each other by a peptide bond
Ribosome moves down mRNA chain by one codon
the first tRNA
Moves into the E
site and exits
the ribosome
the next tRNA moves into place

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25
translation termination
Ribosome moves down mRNA to stop codon Release factors bind to stop codon instead of a tRNA Ribosome, mRNA, tRNAs and protein all break apart
26
what is the wobble effect
There are 60 possible codons but only 45 tRNAs so only 45 anti-codons Some tRNAs can bind to more than one codon The last base in the anti-codon has some flexibility in what it binds to (wobble room)
27
mutations caused by
spontaneous errors | mutagens: chemicals/radiation
28
mutations can happen in
``` body cells (somatic cells) or In reproductive cells (egg & sperm) ```
29
Somatic cell mutations (may cause)
May cause no change = if mutated gene is one that is not use by that particular cell May cause cell to die May cause cancer Not passed on to children
30
Reproductive Cell or Early Embryo Cell Mutations
``` Child with mutation Every cell of the child is mutated May cause miscarriage May cause a genetic disorder in child May have no effect at all ```
31
Gene mutation
DNA coding error may be a missense mutation where the codons code for the wrong aa …. or nonsense where stop codon or partial codon
32
chromosome mutation
change in chromosome number, missing or extra chromosome pieces
33
gene mutations: point mutations (substitutions)
change only one base pair a) substitution of 1 nucleotide for another b) ATT becomes ATG..(missense) c) may not cause any change = silent mutation d) may change 1 amino acid e) could be nonsense only if codes for stop e) can cause disorder
34
gene mutations : framshift mutations
change all the codons a) insertion b) deletion c) THE FAT CAT = HEF ATC AT d) most always ruins protein
35
gene muations: tandem repeats
codons repeated over & over most often ruins protein more repeats = more problems
36
transcript
chain of RNA as copied from DNA template
37
Pre-mRNA
a transcript that will become mRNA
38
Transcripts become
mRNA tRNA or rRNA
39
Transcripting process
Cap, poly A tail, RNA splicing
40
transcripting process Cap
Pre-mRNA transcript has a cap added to 5’ end cap facilitates exit through nuclear pore cap aids in translation initiation cap is attached to a UTR (untranslated region) UTR is followed by the start codon
41
Transcripting process poly A tail
3’ end of transcript gets a poly-A tail added to it | A bunch of A ribonucleotides added on
42
More As added make
the mRNA last longer
43
Fewer As added make
the mRNA break down quicker
44
in transcripting process break down
Breakdown starts immediately on entry to cytosol Hydrolytic enzymes starts from tail end
45
RNAQ splicing parts
introns and exons | Introns are cut out, exons fused together
46
introns
in between coding regions of RNA do not code for a.a.s are cut out before mRNA leaves nucleus bacteria do NOT have introns
47
exons
have codons that are executed by translation….code for a.a.s\
48
Alternative splicing
used to make multiple proteins from one gene | Exons are spliced together in different orders
49
spliceosome
Complex of proteins and small RNAs Remove introns Joins exons in proper order RNAs in spliceosome are Ribozymes…RNA enzymes Sometimes the intron being removed IS the ribozyme
50
Evidence for RNA before DNA
RNA can act as its own enzyme RNA polymerase can initiate polymerization on its own DNA polymerase can only start polymerization at a primer That is created by RNA polymerase
51
all translation begins in
cytoplasm
52
The first few aa at leading end of those proteins =
a signal peptide
53
process of protein being transported to rough er
Signal peptide binds to a Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) SRP escorts ribosome to receptor protein on ER Protein synthesis completed on the ER and growing polypeptide chain is fed into the ER for folding & processing
54
Proteins that enter ER are made for
destined for endomembrane system or produced for secretion (insulin)
55
what happens to proteins that are completed in the cytoplasm
stay in cytoplasm
56
Post-translational modification | Completed protein is modified
Amino acid modification – add functional groups Trim aa from cap end Cleave polypeptide into pieces Join 2 polypeptide into quaternary structure with disulfide bonds
57
Differences among Domains: Replication | Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya
Bacteria – No histones, 1 origin, circular DNA Archaea – Have histones, 1 origin, circular DNA Eukarya – Have histones, Many origins, Linear DNA
58
Differences among Domains: Transcription Bacteria
NO transcription factors needed for RNA polymerase to recognize promoter one type of RNA –polymerase terminator ends transcription…NO transcript processing (no splicing)
59
Differences among Domains: Transcription Archaea
Require transcription factors one type of RNA -P No conclusive evidence at this time
60
Differences among Domains: Transcription Eukarya
Require transcription factors 3 types of RNA polymerase different signal ends transcription depending on the type of RNA DO transcript processing for all RNA
61
structure of RNA-P very similar between
Archaea and Eukarya
62
Differences among Domains: Translation | Bacteria and Eukarya
Bacteria- translation begins before transcription is complete translation begins before transcription is complete Eukarya- translation in cytoplasm after transcript processing Ribosomes include 4 RNA molecules

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