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Ap Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

all individuals of 1 species in area

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2
Q

Population density

A

number per area

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3
Q

Clumped

A

most common,
group around resources
social behavior
lack of offspring dispersal

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4
Q

Uniform (or close enough)

A

territory division

fairly uniform resources

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5
Q

Random

A

rare
uniform resources
ignore each other

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6
Q

Which of the distribution patterns could result in limiting population size?

A

uniform?

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7
Q

Population Size Estimates

A

full count
Quadrats
Transects
Mark-recapture

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8
Q

Mark-recapture based on assumption

A

percent of recaptured individuals that are marked..same as

the percent of the total population that is marked

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9
Q

mark recapture steps

A

day 1 capture organisms & mark them

day 2 capture organisms & see what percentage of the organisms are marked

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10
Q

mark recapture calculation

A

day 2 marked divided by day 2 total

equals day 1 marked over total populatin

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11
Q

positive population growth

A

birth and immigration

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12
Q

negative population growth

A

death and emigration

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13
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG) :

A

deaths = births

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14
Q

Migration :

A

periodic change w/ seasons

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15
Q

Population growth (dN/dt) =

A

births – deaths
where
d indicates change
N is the number of individuals, t is time

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16
Q

R=

A

r = net reproduction per capita per unit time

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17
Q

N=

A

N = number of individuals in population

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18
Q

population growth rate=

A

rate = r x N

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19
Q

High r….

A

have lots of babies fast, few deaths

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20
Q

High N……

A

large populations grow faster

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21
Q

exponential growth

A

population grows at a rate proportional to its size

  a) r remains constant
  b) ideal conditions allow max r
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22
Q

Biotic potential

A

: max r for a population

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23
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

Exponential Growth slowed

remains constant wavering a little above and below line, steady

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24
Q

Exponential Growth slowed by

A

Density dependent limiting factors
predation parasites, disease
limited resources, competition

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25
density independant factors
weather, natural disasters, humans
26
Carrying capacity =
Max # individuals an area can support indefinitely (D)
27
Life history patterns:
adaptations that influence survival, reproduction & population size
28
Reproduction Requires Energy
Amount of available energy affects reproductive rates and success Seasonal reproduction timed to match resource availability Reproductive strategies match environment to maximize repro success
29
r-selected
favor low pop density (d independent) quick production of many small babies high biotic potential so called r-selected
30
K-selected
k=carrying capacity favor high pop density (d dependent) good competitors low biotic potential & high parental care
31
Unstable/changing environments effect on reproduction
can show more rapid evolution can select different traits each generation mature quickly and have lots of babies r-selected
32
stable environments affect on reproduction
longer life span slower to mature produce fewer offspring more efficient use of E K-selected
33
3 categories of individuals
pre-reproductive (base) - reproductive (center) - post-reproductive (top)
34
Fast growth =
wide shape | traingle
35
Slow growth =
narrow shape, very slow growing triangle
36
ZPG =
straight at bottom, narrows at top
37
Negative growth =
bottom & top more narrow than center
38
Species richness
different species
39
species richness determined by
``` abiotic factors food supply evolutionary history species interactions physical disturbances (frequency) ```
40
species richness highest in
tropics, high primary productivity | old stable ecosystem
41
Niche =
role in ecosystem - all activites & interactions
42
Fundamental niche =
niche it would fill if not limited by competition
43
Realized niche =
actual role played, area covered, food used etc
44
interspecific interactions
between species
45
intraspecific interactions
within species, competition, mates, social
46
obligatory interactions
needed for survival
47
facultative interactions
helpful but not necessary
48
Interference Competition = | `
one species blocks access of | another species to some resource
49
Exploitative Competition =
one species is better at using the resource | so gets more
50
Competitive Exclusion Theory
2 species that use identical resources (identical niche)… can not coexist indefinitely One species will go extinct in that area
51
Gause
studied Paramecium sp. | showed competitive exclusion
52
Resource Partitioning =
subdividing resources to allow species to coexist
53
predation
(+,-) One predator kills and eats | more than one prey organism
54
parasitoid
(+,-) One parasitoid kills and eats | one host organism.
55
herbivory
(+,-)herbivore eats plant
56
Symbiotic Relationships
``` Organisms live closley together Names end in –ism Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism ```
57
parasitism
(+,-) Many parasites feed on | one host organism….try not to kill host
58
mutualism
(+,+) symbiotic relationship where both benefit
59
commensalism
(+,0) one organism benefits the other is not affected
60
Co-evolution predator prey
: joint evolution of 2 species that exert selective pressure on each other Lynx & Snowshoe hare also common w/ mutualisms
61
Adaptations:
inherited genetic traits that improve an organism’s fitness
62
Adaptations Can help
Help plants avoid being eaten Help predators capture prey Help prey avoid predators Match organisms to their habitat
63
Cryptic Coloration
Camouflage color Camouflage shape Camouflage behavior
64
Chemical Defense
smell, taste, poison, venom
65
Aposematic Coloration
Warning color Red/orange- birds Black & some bright color (contrast for mammals like dogs)
66
Mimicry
Organism looks/behaves like a different organism
67
Batesian Mimicry
A harmless/defenseless mimic | looks like a dangerous model
68
mullerian mimicry
Two dangerous/bad-tasting organisms mimic each-other
69
Cleaner Wrasse Mimic
Harmful predator/parasite mimics harmless model
70
physical defense
Armor/Shell/Spines Teeth/Claws Speed/Size

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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