bacteria

Question 1

first living things

Answer 1

anaerobic, heterotrophic, and bacteria

Question 2

traits all organisms got from universal common ancestor

Answer 2

DNA( universal genetic material- same nucleotides and double helix)
DNA replication to reproduce (semiconservative with same enzymes like helicase and polymerase)

Question 3

Domains

Answer 3

domain bacteria (most primitive, branched off first), domain archaea (live in old ways like extreme environments)(archaeobacteria)
domain eukarya

Question 4

bacterial ancestral traits

Answer 4

no histones,

single main chromosome

Question 5

bacteria cellular structures

Answer 5

Nucleoid 
Plasmid 
 Ribosomes
 Pili
 Capsule
Flagella

Question 6

nucleoid

Answer 6

main chromosome

Question 7

plasmid

Answer 7

small circular DNA trading cards, extra copies of important genes

Question 8

pili

Answer 8

projections of cell membrane, how plasmids are passed

Question 9

capsule

Answer 9

gelatinous coating

Question 10

flagella

Answer 10

with no microtubules/basal body

Question 11

what type is bacterial replication

Answer 11

asexual, rapid, only differences are produced with mutations

Question 12

bacterial replication process

Answer 12

Origin duplicated
DNA helicase unwinds DNA
DNA polymerase complex called replisome
2 replication forks move opposite directions
Topoisomerase cuts DNA to avoid over-coiling

Question 13

prokaryotic fission process

Answer 13

Origins attach
Cell elongates-through adding phospholipids to elongate space between origins
Cytoplasmic division
No random assortment

Question 14

how to get genetic variation in bacteria

Answer 14

lateral genetic exchange- giving genes to friends and neighbors, not genetically related, not linear

Question 15

advantages to lateral gene transfer

Answer 15

rapid passing of new phenotypes

Question 16

conjugation

Answer 16

bacteria to bacteria via tube, direct contact

Question 17

transduction

Answer 17

virus introduces new DNA, injects bacterial DNA by accident

Question 18

transformation

Answer 18

uptake of DNA through cell membrane (plasmids)

gaining new phenotypes by the environment through the cell membrane

Question 19

famous transformation experiment by Griffith

Answer 19

infects mouse with rough and smooth pneumonia. Lives with rough, but dies with smooth because it protects from immune system. Killed smooth strand put in with rough strands, and mouse dies because the smooth transfers plasmids to rough bacteria

Question 20

bacterial conjugation process

Answer 20

. Donor cell (F+) gives a plasmid to recipient cell
F+ fertility plasmid directs sex pilus formation (forms tube)
Conjugation tube joins cytoplasm
Relaxase nicks donor plasmid (cuts covalent bond in backbone and then unwraps helix)
One strand of plasmid nucleotides moves into recipient cell
Both strands replicated back into double helix

Question 21

bacterial mutation rates

Answer 21

very high due to reproduction rates

Question 22

identifying/classifying bacteria

Answer 22

Characteristics that are considered

a) Shape
b) Gram staining ( + or -)
c) Metabolism
d) Gene sequencing

Question 23

gene sequencing

Answer 23

causes re-structuring of classification

shows genetic divergence from all other life shortly after emergence of first cell

Question 24

shape cocci

Answer 24

round

Question 25

shape bacilli

Answer 25

rod

Question 26

shape spirilli

Answer 26

spiral

Question 27

cell arrangements diplo

Answer 27

pairs

Question 28

cell arrangements strepto

Answer 28

chains

Question 29

cell arrangements staphylo

Answer 29

bunches

Question 30

gram staining

Answer 30

used when bacteria is hard to treat, can be positive or negative

Question 31

gram staining positive

Answer 31

picks up stain so turns violet, want positive because most antibiotics can get to cell, lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Question 32

down side of gram staining positive

Answer 32

form endospores

Question 33

gram staining negative

Answer 33

stains red, less peptidoglycan | outer membrane- resistant to drugs, membranes make it hard to get antibiotics to the cell

Question 34

Peptidoglycan =

Answer 34

sugars cross-linked by peptides

Question 35

Chemoheterotrophs –

Answer 35

E from bonds, organic C | parasites, saprobes, decomposers

Question 36

Chemoautotrophs –

Answer 36

E from bonds, C from CO2 | thermophilic bacteria, some of most primitive. Energy from iron or sulfur compounds (volcanos)

Question 37

Photoautotrophs –

Answer 37

E from sun, C from CO2 | cyanobacteria, stromatolites

Question 38

what does gene sequencing show?

Answer 38

Shows bacteria diverged from all other lineages shortly after first cells appeared, made it why we needed domains

Question 39

example of an analogous structure for eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Answer 39

flagella

Question 40

bacteria flagella

Answer 40

ATP run protein motor, | has a hook & filament

Question 41

Archean flagella

Answer 41

same design as bacteria, ATP run protein motor with a hook & filament, but different proteins

Question 42

eukaryotic flagella

Answer 42

is covered in a membrane and has microtubules with basal body

Question 43

Signal transduction –

Answer 43

extra cellular signaling molecule binds to receptor and initiates response

Question 44

taxis

Answer 44

innate behavioral response to move toward or away from directional stimulus

Question 45

4 types of taxis

Answer 45

magnetotactic (magnetic fields) phototactic (light) thermotactic (heat) geotactic (gravity)

Question 46

kinesis

Answer 46

non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus (bad feeling, need to move, don't know where just move)

Question 47

quorum sensing

Answer 47

intercellular communication Bacteria use signaling molecules (specific to species) to sense bacterial cell density. inducible operon

Question 48

in quorum sensing what happens with sufficient signal molecule concentration

Answer 48

triggers communal response gene expression activated, proteins produced & excreted

Question 49

QS enables bacteria to

Answer 49

to co-ordinate their behaviour. As environmental conditions often change rapidly, bacteria need to respond quickly in order to survive. ex; bacteria in body to escape immune system,

Question 50

virulence bacteria

Answer 50

Virulence factors are molecules expressed and secreted by pathogens that enable them to achieve: colonization of a niche in the host Immunoevasion- evasion of the host's immune response Immunosuppression- inhibition of the host's immune response Entry into and exit out of cells