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Ap Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

external defenses are specific or non specific?

A

all non specific

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2
Q

external defenses

A

skin- water proof layer dead cells
linings of body tubes/cavities
neutral/beneficial bacteria population

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3
Q

examples of linings of body tubes/cavities

A

1) sticky mucus w/ lysozyme enzymes
2) ciliated cells in resp. tract
3) stomach acid & bile salts
4) urine & vaginal low pH

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4
Q

internal defense types

A

innate immunity

acquired/adaptive immunity

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5
Q

innate immunity

A

present at birth, always present, all animals, non-specific

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6
Q

aquired/adaptive immunity

A

activated by microbes/antigens (very specific)

a) Require self-recognition (membrane proteins)
b) only present in Vertebrates

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7
Q

Antigens

A

any foreign molecule recognized by immune system

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8
Q

antigens examples

A

1) bacteria membrane proteins
2) parts of virus protein coat
3) oligosaccharides on transplanted cells

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9
Q

Phagocytes

A

cell that does phagocytosis (ingestion)

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10
Q

examples of Phagocytes

A
  1. endocytosis to take in and digest organic materials
  2. in immune system take in microbes
    (virus/bacteria) & digest them
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11
Q

MHC =

A

major histocompatibility molecules

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12
Q

major histocompatibility molecules

A

cell surface proteins display antigens
two types
warning flags to attract immune system

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13
Q

Class one MHC

A

display foreign peptides synthesized within the cell (cancer/virus) cell made it ITSELF and shouldnt have
found on most body cells

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14
Q

Class two MHC

A

display peptides broken off of microbes during phagocytosis

found on phagocytic cells & B cells

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15
Q

Helper–T cells

A

Type of white blood cell

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16
Q

Blood Cells – all start in

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

Leukocytes =

A

White Blood Cells
Lymphocytes phagocytes
and Erythrocytes

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18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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19
Q

B cells mature in

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

T cells mature in

A

thymus gland

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21
Q

Erythrocytes=

A

red blood cells

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22
Q

red blood cells

A

1) anucleate in mammals
2) hemoglobin carries O2 and some CO2
3) flexible biconcave oval
4) form in bone marrow

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23
Q

Phagocytic cells (2 examples)

A

macrophages – largest

dendritic cells – activate acquired immunity

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24
Q

dendritic cells

A

a) digest pathogen into pieces
b) bind pathogen pieces to MHC receptors*
c) display pathogen on cell membrane
d) attract helper T cells*
e) helper T cells activate acquired imm. resp.

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25
Natural Killer Cells
NK cells vertebrate innate defense. 2. Attack virus infected cells and cancer cells 3. detects changes in cell membrane 4. Produce signal molecules that cause apoptosis
26
are NK cells MHC molecule receptors
NOT MHC molecule receptors…just detects changes in cell membrane
27
Antimicrobial Proteins
warns neighbors of virus around interferon ά and β complement system = 30 serum proteins
28
interferon ά and β
secreted by virus-infected cells | help neighboring cells inhibit viral reproduction
29
complement system
microbe presence activates complement proteins cascade of chem rxns lead to microbe lysis plays a role in inflammation also activated by acquired response
30
inflammation process
Mast cells release histamine signal mol. Histamine signals capillaries to dilate and produce signal molecules to attract phagocytes/macrophages which secrete cytokines to promote blood flow
31
Mast cells release histamine signal mol. | due to
Allergen, antigen or injury
32
dialation in inflammation lets out more
clotting elements (block spread of microbes) anti-microbial proteins (complement system) and Phagocytes
33
Histamines
released by mast cells | trigger capillaries to dilate
34
Chemokines
released by capillaries | attract phagocytes
35
Cytokines
``` when released by macrophages increase blood flow when released by helper T activate acquired immune resp. cytokines activate acquired immune system signal B-cells and cytotoxic-T cells ```
36
Systemic Response
Widespread response Increased WBC production Fever Septic shock
37
fever facilitates
phagocytosis
38
septic shock
bacterial infection causes high fever low blood pressure and may cause death
39
aquired/adaptive immunity
Humoral Response | or Cell Mediated Response
40
Cell Mediated Response
Cytotoxic T cells defends against: infected cells Cancer cells Transplanted cells
41
Humoral Response
B cells make antibodies in fluid (humor)
42
antibodies
Proteins secreted by differentiated B-cells (plasma cells) Bind to specific antigen
43
antibodies also called
Also called Immunoglobulins (Ig)
44
humoral response process
B cell receptor binds to an antigen on microbe, pollen or transplanted cell 2. B cell takes in antigen and presents it on MHC II surface protein to attract helper T cells 3. Helper T binds to MHC-antigen complex and begins secreting cytokines 4. cytokines induce mitosis in B cell to produce a. plasma cells b. memory B-cells
45
cytokines induce mitosis in B cell to produce
plasma cells | memory B-cells
46
Plasma cells
make antibodies specific to the antigen that their parent B-cell bound
47
what do antibodies do?
1. bind & clump viruses/bacteria 2. precipitate antigens dissolved in fluid 3. activate complement proteins
48
Memory B-cells
stay in blood stream ready to become activated in secondary immune response.
49
how does the first immune response compare to secondary response
the second immune response is larger (way more antibodies) and faster
50
Cell Mediated Response fights `
cancer, infected cells, transplant cells
51
Cell Mediated Response process
Class I MHC molecule displays antigens that are synthesized inside affected cell 2. Cytotoxic Tcells bind to MHC-antigen complex 3. Binding makes cytotoxic Tcell secrete: a. perforin (protein, makes holes in membrane) b. enzymes to digest the cell c. signals to cause apoptosis
52
in cell mediated response process, binding to cytotoxic cells makes t cell secrete
perforin (protein, makes holes in membrane) enzymes to digest the cell and signals to cause apoptosis
53
Helper T cells Activate by
binding C-II MHC-antigen complex | on dendritic cells, macrophages, or B-cells
54
helper t cells make cytokines to stimulate
cytotoxic T cells to become active B cells to begin clonal selection….. mitosis to produce plasma & memory cells trigger helper t to start dividing
55
Helper T clonal selection
Activated helper T does mitosis 1 clone divides to make many activated helper T cells The other divides to make memory helper T cells
56
Lymphocyte receptor diversity
millions of different b cells and t cells When leukocytes differentiate into lymphocytes Recombinase enzymes link 1 V gene segment to 1 J gene segment which makes tons of different receptors all receptors on that cell the sam
57
Autoimmune disease
Failure to remove self-reactive cells | lymphocyte receptors bind to bodies own cells
58
help t cells process
Receptors bind to (antigens) displayed by MHC molecules | secretes signal molecules called cytokines which activate aquired immune response
59
aquired immunity cells
b and t cells
60
what are specific
aquired immune response B and T cells antibodies
61
whats not specific
innate immune response phagocytes- dendritic cells natural killer cells antimicrobial proteins

Ap Biology (33 decks)

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