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Ap Biology > Cellular Transport > Flashcards

Cellular Transport Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

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2
Q

what are microtubules

A

large, hollow tube shape made of tubulin, made in centrosomes and can be broken down or reassambled

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3
Q

what do microtubules do

A

form spindles and hold organelles in place

they are the track for motor proteins

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4
Q

what are microfilaments

A

they are the thinnest strands made of 2 actin chains twisted into helixes

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5
Q

what do microfilaments form

A

the cell cortex

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6
Q

what is the cell cortex

A

a mesh of microfilaments at the cell membrane that gives animals their shape

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7
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

they are medium sized and highly variable
add strength
mutations likely to pass on

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8
Q

what are centrosomes

A

regions of the cell where tubulin is stored and organized into microtubules

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9
Q

most animal centrosomes contain

A

centrioles

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10
Q

centrioles

A

9 triplets of microtubules fused together into a cylinder and helps organize microtubule formation

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11
Q

centrioles are lacked in

A

fungi and plants

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12
Q

motor proteins

A

activated by ATP

changes in shape result in motion

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13
Q

most common proteins are

A

myosins, dynins, kinesins, and actins

all varied

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14
Q

kinesins

A

walk along microtubules dragging cargo like vesicles and organelles

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15
Q

how do motor proteins move

A

ATP drops a phosphate off, which gives the molecule energy by breaking the phosphate bond. The motor proteins uses the energy to move

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16
Q

Dynins

A

walk along microtubules dragging cargo or bending cilia and flagella

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17
Q

what motor proteins push microtubules past each other

A

kinesin push spindles for mitosis

dynin push microtubules for cilia motion

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18
Q

why does myosin push microfilaments past each other

A

to move the cell cortex or to move contract muscles

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19
Q

the pushing of microtubules past each other is known as what

A

sliding microtubule hypothesis

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20
Q

prokaryotic cytoskeleton

A

no nucleus
poorly developed
some lack cytoskeleton

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21
Q

all eukaroyotes have nearly identical genes for

A

actin and tubulin so they are highly conserved

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22
Q

tight junctions

A

block things from moving through cracks between cells

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23
Q

adhering (desmosomes) junctions

A

stick together, anchor cell in place by joining it to its neighbor

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24
Q

gap junctions

A

communicating junctions, cytoplasmic bridges between cell allow cytosol and small molecules to flow between cells

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25
plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic bridges in plants
26
eukaryotic
membrane bound organelle | has nucleus
27
eukaryotic cilia and flagella
used for motion of cells ex sperm unicellular organisms to move substances ex cilia moves eggs down oviduct, mucus in lung tracts homologous structures among eukaryotic anchored by basil body
28
homologous
same inherited
29
analogous
same function, different structure, not inherited
30
basil body has nine triplets, but one of everything three falls short, why?
to leave space for micrtubules
31
prokaryotic flagella
``` no basal body not covered by cell membrane different internal structure different protein (flagellin) analogous to eukaryotic flagella ```
32
cell membrane made of
phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable cholesterol membrane proteins
33
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic heads point out (phosphate) hydrophobic tails in center (fatty acid) capable of rapid lateral movements
34
amphipathic
both philic and phobic
35
how is the phospholipid bilayer held together
by hydrophobic interactions
36
what molecules can pass through the membrane phospholipids on their own
small or non polar molecules (lipids)
37
how do large molecules get through
very slowly (glucose) or via transport proteins
38
how do ions get through
very seldom go through by their self, need to gain or lose an electron
39
how do you have faster transportation
use proteins
40
difference between selective and semi permeable membrane
selective can choose and change over time | semi permeable you cant choose, just based on size and stays same
41
cholesterol
found in animals cells | maintains membrane fluidity
42
what does cholesterol do at high temps
retrains p lipid movement
43
what does cholesterol do at low temps
prevents close packing
44
integral proteins
stuck in cell membrane, some are transmembrane (inside and out, part sticking in and out )
45
peripheral proteins
not embedded, edges of cell membrane. can be held in place by cytoskeleton (inside) or ECM extracellular matrix (outside)
46
membrane enzymes
often grouped in teams (speeds up process) active in metabolism (building and breaking things down) bind to cytoplasmic substrates- reactants
47
attachment proteins
bind to ECM(holds cell in place) bind to cytoskeleton (move cell membrane with cell cortex) maintain cell shape and location non covalent (flexible changeable)
48
recognition proteins and lipids
``` sorts cells in embryo immune system self recognition often glycoproteins/lipids variant ex A B O blood types ```
49
intercellular joining
gap junctions and adhering junctions
50
receptor proteins aid in
signal transduction
51
process of transduction
receptors bind to chemical messenger (cAMP hormones) binding signal molecule changes protein shape signals inside of cell by binding cytoplasmic protein
52
transport proteins
always integral transmembrane channel proteins carrier proteins and are all specific
53
channel proteins
ex aquaporin makes hollow tube in the middle and stuff goes through some gated so chooses what gets in and out
54
carrier proteins
glucose transporter and protein pumps
55
transporter
passive goes with the flow
56
pumps
active against gradient concentration
57
two types of cellular transport
passive transport and active transport
58
passive transport
no energy needed | molecules flow from high concentration to low concentration
59
active transport
energy needed molecules pumped from low concentrations to high exo/endocytosis
60
three types of passive transport
diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis
61
diffusion
any molecule, random motion | high to low, movement due to concentration gradient
62
facilitated diffusion
molecules too big/polar/charged | must go through transport protein by channel protein or carrier
63
osmosis
diffusion of water through membrane
64
what is the relationship between solutes and concentration gradient
solutes follow their own concentration gradient | ignores all others
65
tonicity
ability of surronding solution to make a specific cell gain or lose water
66
isotonic
``` no net movement same solute (iso) ```
67
hypotonic solution
water moves into cell | less solute in solution (hypo)
68
hypertonic
water moves out of cell | more solute in solution (hyper)
69
osmoregulation
control of solute and water concentrations inside a cell contractile vacoules aquaporin
70
diffusion rates affected by
``` concentration size size of molecule temperature electric gradient pressure gradient number of pores ```
71
how does concentration size effect diffusion rate
increase concentration increase rate of diffusion- more molecules, more molecules crashing, better chance getting in, steeper concentration gradient
72
how does size of molecule effect diffusion rate
smaller cell size faster rate of diffusion- less volume SA:V smaller cell size greater SA:V ratio
73
how does temperature effect diffusion rate
increase temp increase rate of diffusion- molecules go faster
74
how does electric gradient effect diffusion rate
moving ions, change charge to make opposites attract
75
how does SA effect diffusion rate
greater SA faster rate of diffusion, more space to enter cell (hair root LSI)
76
how does number of pores effect diffusion rate
larger or more pores increases diffusion- larger target opening
77
what does bulk transport
endo/exocytosis
78
protein pumps
carrier proteins that require energy pushes molecules into areas where they are in high concentration pumps h+ ions
79
exocytosis
how cells secrete materials like hormones
80
exocytosis path
transport vesicle buds from golgi vesicle goes to CM and fuses contents spill into extracellular space
81
endocytosis
phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated helps concentrate rare molecules
82
phagocytosis
takes in food
83
pinocytosis
takes in water
84
receptor mediated
triggered by molecule binding to membrane receptor

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