Energy cycles

Question 1

energy flow of earth

Answer 1

The Earth is an open system to energy
Energy flows in as solar radiation
Energy leaves as Infra-red radiation (heat)

Question 2

food webs show

Answer 2

the flow of energy through living things

Question 3

Photoautotrophs

Answer 3

Photoautotrophs convert light energy and; inorganic C (CO2) into chemical energy in organic compounds

Question 4

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 4

break down organic chemicals to release energy to make ATP

Question 5

Energy conversions

Answer 5

pass energy from one organism to another

Every conversion loses some energy as heat

Question 6

Plants capture solar energy using

Answer 6

pigments

Question 7

Different pigments use different

Answer 7

wavelengths of light

Question 8

wavelengths of light

Answer 8

violet/blue and red light best

Question 9

Chlorophyll b absorbs

Answer 9

blue and orange

Question 10

Carotenoids absorb

Answer 10

violet, blue & green

Question 11

how much of the visible light that strikes plants is captured

Answer 11

one percent visible light

Question 12

Primary Productivity:

Answer 12

the amount of light E converted to chemical E in form of organic compounds per unit of time

Question 13

GPP

Answer 13

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)= TOTAL

Question 14

NPP

Answer 14

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Total - Ra
NPP usually about ½ of GPP
(Amount of energy for herbivore)

Question 15

Ra

Answer 15

Ra= autotroph

respiration

Question 16

Calculating Productivity, GPP measured as

Answer 16

Biomass produced/area/time (g/m/year) or as oxygen produced

Question 17

Calculating Productivity, Ra measured by

Answer 17

how much oxygen is consumed by cellular respiration

Question 18

assimilation

Answer 18

Assimilation = (Ingestion - Excretion)

How much energy gets into body

Question 19

efficiency

plant v animal material

Answer 19

15-50% of the food is plant material

60-90% of the food is animal material

Question 20

Much of the energy assimilated is used to produce

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

what can by hydrolyzed as an energy source

Answer 21

carbs, lipids & proteins

Question 22

how much of energy consumed is stored in animals and how much is available to next trophic level

Answer 22

Only 10% of energy consumed is stored in animals body

and Only 10% of consumed energy is available to next trophic level

Question 23

food chains are limited to how many trophic levels

Answer 23

3 or 4

Question 24

smaller body mass=

Answer 24

higher metabolic rate: more E use

Question 25

Extra energy used to

Answer 25

1. grow / store energy 2. reproduce (repro season matches energy availability) 3. maintain body temp (endotherms)

Question 26

. Energy deficit =

Answer 26

weight loss and death

Question 27

nitrogen cycles

Answer 27

Nitrifying bacteria convert NH4+/NH3 to nitrates/nitrites Plants assimilate N compounds from soil/water . Animals ingest N compounds in their food waste & dead animals/plants return N to soil/water . Denitrifying bacteria return N to atmosphere

Question 28

fixing n bacteria

Answer 28

Atmospheric N2 only used by N-fixing bacteria bacteria ‘fix’ N make it usable to other organisms 1. Add H to N to make it ammonium/ ammonia 2. added to soil or water 3. produced in root nodules of legumes

Question 29

what can add/remove N to/from atmosphere

Answer 29

bacteria

Question 30

nitrogen is used by organisms to

Answer 30

build proteins & nucleic acids

Question 31

. Enrichment

Answer 31

too much N in ecosystem (water) 1. industrial nitrogen fixation : fertilizer (artificial) production 2. concentrated animal waste: stock yards/farms

Question 32

N in water causes

Answer 32

algal blooms 1. algae cover surface of water and block light 2. benthic (lives on bottom) organisms die 3. decomposition depletes oxygen

Question 33

phosphorous cycle

Answer 33

Phosphorous erodes out of rock B. Plants assimilate P C. Animals ingest P D. Decomposition returns P to soil/water E. P in nucleotides proteins and lipids F. Returned to sedimentary rock by deposition

Question 34

human impact on phosphorous cycle

Answer 34

enrichment by fertilizer use

Question 35

human impact on nitrogen cycle

Answer 35

enrichment nitrogen in water Eutrophication/ dead zones

Question 36

carbon is used to

Answer 36

build carbs, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids | it is used in storage compounds and cell formation of all organisms

Question 37

human impact on water cycle

Answer 37

salination: Irrigation with saline ground water replacing native shrubs with crops Ingress of sea water

Question 38

salination

Answer 38

water evaporation/ absorption leaves salt behind

Question 39

replacing native shrubs with crops

Answer 39

reduces evapotransporation rain water seeps down to clay & runs to low spots collects salt as it runs to low spots

Question 40

Ingress of sea water

Answer 40

. removal of fresh ground water lowers water table | water table below sea level lets salt water in

Question 41

living systems depend on water properties because

Answer 41

``` polarity & hydrogen bonding i. adhesion & cohesion ii. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions iii. Universal solvent – cytoplasm, interstitial fluids high specific heat ```

Question 42

What keep plants from getting sunburned

Answer 42

Carotenoids

Question 43

Energy system for matter

Answer 43

Closed | Open for energy

Question 44

To “fix” something

Answer 44

Take it from inorganic form and make it usable by other organisms

Question 45

N- fixing bacteria

Answer 45

Take N2 out of atmosphere and add H to it to make it into ammonium or ammonia. Fixes it for other organisms

Question 46

Nitrifying bacteria

Answer 46

Convert Nitrogen from ammonia to nitrates/nitrites by removing H and adding O2

Question 47

Denitrifying bacteria

Answer 47

Return N to atmosphere by breaking down organic material/ decomposing

Question 48

Nitrogen in plants is in

Answer 48

Proteins (amino acids) | Nucleus acids

Question 49

What are the limiting factors on plant growth

Answer 49

Nitrogen and phosphorous

Question 50

Elemental nitrogen

Answer 50

N2 in atmosphere

Question 51

Phosphorous in plants

Answer 51

Nucleus acid Phospholipids Proteins