Evolution Of Populations

Question 1

What adapts and evolves

Answer 1

Individuals do not adapt or evolve

POPULATIONS adapt and evolve

Question 2

Micro evolution

Answer 2

Change in allele frequencies in a population

Requires inherited traits, genetic variability

Question 3

Sources of genetic variation

Answer 3

Gene mutations
Chromosomal mutations
Sexual reproduction
Rapid reproduction

Question 4

Gene mutations

Answer 4

Only gamete mutations passed on 
Point mutations- sickle 
Maybe silent- no change amino acid 
Maybe neutral no change in pheno (introns or amino acid change no difference)
Can be beneficial or deadly

Question 5

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 5

Change loci
Duplication of genes (cross over error, adds to available genes)
Transposable elements
Large changes harmful but few extra copies can be good to take on new function

Question 6

Transposable elements

Answer 6

Transposons move
Retrotransposons leave a copy at original position and move= more copies or genes
Could be good to have extra for new functions

Question 7

Sexual reproduction genetic variation

Answer 7

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Fertilization, 2^n possible gamete chromosome combos

Question 8

Hardy Weinberg principle

Answer 8

Detects microevolution of particular genes
Determines what gene frequencies would be if no evolution (null hypothesis)
Compare null with data
Null supported- no evolution
Not supported- evolution

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

All individuals of a species in an area that reproduce together

Question 10

Gene pool

Answer 10

All copies of every allele at every locus in all individuals of a population

Question 11

Fixed gene

Answer 11

All alleles of a gene are the same in the gene pool

Frequency 100%

Question 12

Genotype percentage of population formula

Answer 12

Individuals/ total population=%

Question 13

Dominant allele frequency

Answer 13

homozygous dominant x2 + # heterozygous

Question 14

Recessive allele frequency

Answer 14

homozygous recessive x2 + # heterozygous

Question 15

P

Answer 15

Frequency or dominant

Question 16

Q

Answer 16

Frequency of recessive

Question 17

Formulas for frequency

Hardy Weinberg formulas

Answer 17

P+Q= 1

P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 18

Null hypothesis no evolution

Answer 18

F of alleles remains constant from gen to gen
Mating completely random and all allele combinations must survive equally well
So use multiplication rule of probability to predict % of genotypes of offspring

Question 19

P^2

Answer 19

Frequency of homo dom

Question 20

Q^2

Answer 20

Frequency or homo recessive

Question 21

2pq

Answer 21

Frequency or hetero

Question 22

Conditions for hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 22

No mutations 
Random mating 
No natural selection 
Extremely large population 
No gene flow into or out of population 
(Immigration in, emigration out)

Question 23

Causes of evolution

Answer 23

Natural selection

Question 24

Genetic drift

Answer 24

Chance events cause random change in allele frequency

Small population maximizes effects (may decrease genetic variation)

Question 25

Founder effect

Answer 25

New population states by few individuals | Fewer alleles, different % than main population

Question 26

Bottle neck effect

Answer 26

Population nearly wiped out Few reminding individuals have limited gene pool Population may recover but genetic variation only recovers very slowly without immigration

Question 27

Bottle neck effect example

Answer 27

Florida panther separate subspecies for 100 yrs Population dropped under 50 Inbreeding Increased incidence of disorders

Question 28

Founder effect example

Answer 28

Bighorn sheep Island population 20 founders to 650 Genetic variation significantly less

Question 29

Gene flow

Answer 29

``` Alleles move into or out of population Individuals move ( Immigration Emigration) Gamete move Increases genetic diversity Makes populations more similar Prevents speciation ```