gene control eukaryotic

Question 1

transcription control

Answer 1

chromatin structure regulation- inactivates 75 percent by changing into chromatid
transcription initiation control- do you let rna polymerase bind or no

Question 2

post transcription control

Answer 2

RNA transcript processing
mRNA degradation- breaking down
Translation initiation- hold mRNA, block it

Question 3

post translational control

Answer 3

allosteric Protein, Protein processing, Protein degradation

Question 4

chromatin structure control

Answer 4

Heterochromatin
acetylation
DNA methylation

Question 5

Heterochromatin

Answer 5

Chromatin that remains tightly compacted even in interphase

genes not transcribed- ex barr bodies

Question 6

acetylation

Answer 6

acetyl group (-COCH3) bonded to histone
loosens up chromatin winding
promotes transcription

Question 7

DNA methylation

Answer 7

. –CH3 bonds to DNA blocking transcription
methylated regions passed on to daughter
cells

Question 8

which chromatin structure controls are passed on

Answer 8

heterochromatin

DNA methylation, acetylation NOT passed on

Question 9

control elements

Answer 9

non-coding DNA up-stream from promotor that bind transcription factor proteins

Question 10

initiation control

Answer 10

control elements (distal and proximal) 
transcription factors

Question 11

distal control elements

Answer 11

are far up-stream

often act as enhancers (DNA),Each enhancer works with only one gene ,

Question 12

proximal control elements

Answer 12

near promotor

Question 13

transcription factors

Answer 13

proteins needed for transcription initiation, regulatory protein binds control elements

Question 14

general transcription factors (GTF)

Answer 14

needed for all transcription of genes
allow slow (repressors) or fast (activators) transcription of genes
One protein of the GTF will bind to a
section of promotor called the TATA box

Question 15

initiation complex

Answer 15

GTFs bind each other & RNA Polym. II to form initiation complex

Question 16

what does initiation complex bind to

Answer 16

Initiation complex binds to control elements near promotor: start transcription

Question 17

specific transcription factors

Answer 17

needed for rapid transcription of gene

Question 18

Things part of DNA

Answer 18

control elements
enhancers
TATA box
promotor

Question 19

enhancers

Answer 19

distal (far) control elements, can be activated or repressed by transcription factor proteins

Question 20

TATA box

Answer 20

section of promotors code

Question 21

promotor

Answer 21

just upstream from start of gene, where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

Question 22

Things that are proteins

Answer 22

transcription factors

mediator proteins

Question 23

mediator proteins

Answer 23

form link between regulatory proteins and DNA

Question 24

transcription factors called activator proteins bind

Answer 24

enhancer control elements

Question 25

fold DNA so that the activator protein/enhancer complex binds to

Answer 25

initiation complex to speed up transcription

Question 26

how do repressors slow transcription

Answer 26

by binding to distal control elements and keeping activators out or By binding to activator proteins

Question 27

GTF go with

Answer 27

proximal

Question 28

STF go with

Answer 28

distal

Question 29

5.coordination of functionally related genes

Answer 29

same DNA sequences in one of their control elements | one general transcription factor can activate all the genes

Question 30

post transcription control

Answer 30

RNA processing mRNA degradation Translation initiation control

Question 31

RNA processing

Answer 31

alternative splicing poly A tail length cap designation

Question 32

Translation initiation control

Answer 32

proteins bond to mRNA prevent initiation egg mRNA global control : lack of initiation factor (egg)

Question 33

Post Translation Control : Protein Processing/degradation

Answer 33

Allosteric control or activation by phosphate protein processing a. inactive form cut to activate (pro-insulin) b. glycoproteins, lipoproteins selective degradation a. ubiquitin

Question 34

ubiquitin

Answer 34

= protein attached to proteins tags them for destruction

Question 35

noncoding RNA

Answer 35

dont code for protein microRNA small interfering RNA ncRNA affect heterochromatin formation

Question 36

microRNAs (miRNAs)

Answer 36

complexes w/ proteins binds to complementary mRNA stops translation or trigger degradation

Question 37

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Answer 37

turn off gene expression | Used in knock-out experiments

Question 38

monitoring gene expression to see which cells are using a gene to do

Answer 38

in situ hybridization (in situ = in place)

Question 39

Monitoring gene expression

Answer 39

need to detect mRNA made from that gene, he mRNA from the gene of interest = template fluorescent dye added to probe probe added to solution around embryo probe hybridizes to target mRNA & concentrates in cells that are using the gene of interest

Question 40

hybridization

Answer 40

= bonding complementary bases to a template

Question 41

complementary strand

Answer 41

= probe (DNA or RNA