cellular respiration

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

Degredative pathways to release ATP energy for cell functions
(catabolic)

Question 2

how did Anaerobic Fermentation evolve

Answer 2

evolved in primitive bacteria still used by some unicellular organisms

Question 3

in cellular respiration all start with what and convert it into what

Answer 3

all start with glucose and convert it into inorganic carbon carbon dioxide

Question 4

Anaerobic Fermentation steps

Answer 4

Glycolysis then regeneration of NAD+

Question 5

describe anaerobic fermentation

Answer 5

2 ATP added to glucose
unstable intermediate forms
 2NAD+ picks up H (e-) from glucose
Intermediate splits into 2 pyruvates
2CO2 released 
NADH drops hydrogen off on pyruvates
forms 2 ethanol (alcohol)

Question 6

net gain of anaerobic fermentation

Answer 6

Net gain of 2ATP is enough energy for a unicellular organism….
but not for a multicellular organism

Question 7

Advent of non-cyclic photosynthesis

Answer 7

Caused free O2 to build up in the ocean

Question 8

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 8

die in presence of O2

Question 9

Present day obligate anaerobes are limited to what

Answer 9

regulated to anaerobic environments

Question 10

example of Present day obligate anaerobes

Answer 10

disease causing bacteria: Botulism and tetnus

Question 11

oxidation

Answer 11

loss of electron from one substance

Question 12

reduction

Answer 12

addition of electrons to a substance

Question 13

reducing agent

Answer 13

electron donor

Question 14

oxidizing agent

Answer 14

electron acceptor

Question 15

what were the two ways obligate anaerobes survived

Answer 15

endospores inside cell like a wall to protrect or developed anti oxidants/ defense against the oxidative properties of O2 can
survive the presence of free oxygen

Question 16

how did organisms use oxygen to generate more energy from glucose

Answer 16

aerobic cellular respiration

Question 17

facultative aerobes

Answer 17

organisms that can use aerobic respiration when O2 is present then switch to anaerobic fermentation when in anaerobic conditions

Question 18

example of facultative aerobes

Answer 18

yeast

Question 19

aerobic respiration

Answer 19

using oxygen to get more ATP per glucose using oxygen

Question 20

ATP gain for anaerobic fermentation

Answer 20

2

Question 21

ATP gain for aerobic respiration

Answer 21

32

Question 22

what are obligate aerobes

Answer 22

need oxygen

plants animals fungi

Question 23

Aerobic respiration four parts

Answer 23

Step 1 ..Glycolysis
Step 2 .. Acetyl-CoA formation
Step 3…Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
Step 4… Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

aerobic glycolysis process

Answer 24

Glucose split in cytoplasm (before entering mito.)
2ATP (activation energy) added to Glucose
Substrate level phosphorylation creates Unstable intermediate (fructose diphosphate)
then splits into 2 PGAL
NAD+ reduced into NADH
forms net 2 ATP
ends with 2 pyruvates

Question 25

what is the products of aerobic glycolysis and where do they go

Answer 25

NADH carries e- and H+ to mitochondria 2 pyruvates move to mitochondria 2 ATP

Question 26

Acetyl-CoA formation process

Answer 26

The pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix by transport protein (in prokaryotes stays in cytoplasm) One C is removed and converted to CO2 One NAD+ is reduced to NADH Coenzyme A binds to the remaining 2 C forming Acetyl-CoA

Question 27

why is doing acetyl coA formation in the mitochondria better

Answer 27

increases concentration of enzymes and makes an ideal microenvironment

Question 28

Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle process

Answer 28

Acetyl Co-A drops off 2 C onto oxaloacetate to form citrate (6 c) 3NAD+ and 1FAD reduced to form 3NADH and FADH2 To do this, a series of intermediates have all their Hydrogens removed (e-) Remaining C and O released as 2CO2 1 GTP is produced Oxaloacetate is reformed

Question 29

first stable intermediate for Krebs cycle

Answer 29

citrate

Question 30

ending molecule that is reformed in Krebs cycle

Answer 30

oxaloacetate

Question 31

electron transport chain for cellular respiration

Answer 31

NADH and FADH2 drops off e- at ET chain e- passed down chain of proteins in a series of oxidation/reduction reactions Protein pumps use energy from e- to pump H+ H+ build up in intermembrane space creating electrochemical gradient (lots of Potential E) e- at end of chain picked up by 1/2 O2 and H+ to form H2O H+ pumped through ATPase creating ATP from ADP+Pi

Question 32

Chemiosmosis

Answer 32

energy coupling mechanism | converts potential energy of electrochemical gradient into chemical energy (ATP)

Question 33

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 33

Producing ATP using the energy of oxidation reactions (only) in the e- transport chain Generates 26 – 28 ATP per glucose

Question 34

why is there slightly less ATP formed from FADH2 than NADH

Answer 34

FADH2 drops off further down the chain so not as much energy generated

Question 35

what is the final acceptor in aerobic respiration

Answer 35

oxygen

Question 36

Lack of Oxygen in mitochondria

Answer 36

If no O2 oxidizes the last protein in e- transport chain, chain stops Oxidative phosphorylation stops NADH and FADH2 build up, NAD+ and FAD+ run out Kreb cycle stops NADH from glycolysis can’t drop of e- at mito everything stops so it resorts back to anaerobic

Question 37

Lactic Acid Fermentation-animals

Answer 37

glycolysis NADH drops off electrons onto pyruvate from glycolysis pyruvate is converted to Lactic acid

Question 38

what is the only molecule that can run the entire aerobic respiration

Answer 38

glucose

Question 39

the process for energy when carbs run out

Answer 39

Carbs converted to glucose before being used When carbs run out Fats used when fats used protein is broken into amino acids

Question 40

how is fat used for energy

Answer 40

Triglycerides break into fatty acids & glycerol Glycerol converted to PGAL & enters glycolysis Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA and enters kreb

Question 41

how are proteins used for fuel

Answer 41

broken into amino acids amino acids broken into NH3 (nitrogenous waste) converted to urea carbon backbone converted to pyruvate or Acteyl Co-A

Question 42

what are the products of alcohol fermentation/ anaerobic fermentation

Answer 42

2CO2 and ethanol (alcohol)

Question 43

what is the activation energy for alcohol fermentation and how is it added

Answer 43

2ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

Question 44

in cellular respiration where are the four parts located

Answer 44

glycolysis in cytosol | for Eukaryotas acetyl coA formation, Krebs cycle, and e- transport chain in mitochondria

Question 45

how many times does the kreb cycle run per glucose

Answer 45

Cycle runs one time for each pyruvate | so twice per glucose