Biology 102 Final

Question 1

karyotype

Answer 1

• picture of chromosomes

- chromosomes come in pairs (n = 23 and humans have 2n)

Question 2

gametes

Answer 2

• haploid cells

- one set of chromosomes (1n)

Question 3

sexual reproduction

Answer 3

• offspring are genetically different from parents/each other

Question 4

meiosis

Answer 4

• cell division to produce sex cells

- diploid to haploid cells

Question 5

independent assortment

Answer 5

every chromosome orients independently of others during meiosis

Question 6

crossing over

Answer 6

• pieces of homologous non-sister chromatids exchange

- translocation

Question 7

SRY gene

Answer 7

• sex determining region of Y chromosome

- ovaries develop as default unless told otherwise

Question 8

non-disjunction, meiosis I

Answer 8

• problems with homologous chromosome separation

Question 9

non-disjunction, meiosis II

Answer 9

• homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids do not

Question 10

DNA sequence problems/mutations

Answer 10

• down syndrome
• XXY > Klinefelters [male]
• XXX > Metafemale
• XO > Turners syndrome [female]

Question 11

pedigree

Answer 11

history of a trait in a family > upside down family tree

Question 12

phenotype

Answer 12

• external characteristics expressed

- shown on pedigree

Question 13

genotype

Answer 13

• genetic makeup

- might carry a certain trait but never express

Question 14

incomplete dominance

Answer 14

• dominance is incomplete > in between phenotype with heterozygote
• i.e. wavy hair is in between curly and straight > both traits expressed

Question 15

codominance

Answer 15

• both alleles contribute to expression of the gene
• no dominance > work together
• i.e blood type > A, B, AB

Question 16

polygenic inheritance

Answer 16

• certain traits affected by multiple genes

- i.e. skin color affected by 3 different genes

Question 17

asexual reproduction

Answer 17

• 1 parent produces genetically IDENTICAL offspring
• multiply quickly, no partner, isolation is not an issue, no disease/diversity
• same genotype can cause issues since 1 disease can wipe out the population > no diversity/growth

Question 18

sexual reproduction

Answer 18

• fusion of gametes from two individuals [humans = egg & sperm]
• advantage = genetic variability
• disadvantage = find a mate

Question 19

internal fertilization

Answer 19

• occurs with the female body

Question 20

external fertilization

Answer 20

egg & sperm released into the open and hope they find each other

Question 21

bacterial STDs/STIs

Answer 21

• can be treated if detected early without long-term effects

- i.e. Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis

Question 22

fungal

Answer 22

• can be treated

- candidiasis

Question 23

protists

Answer 23

• can be treated

- i.e. Trichomonaisis

Question 24

viral STDs/STIs

Answer 24

• treatment but no cure

- i.e. HIV/AIDS, genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis B

Question 25

male reproduction

Answer 25

- testes produce sperm - epididymis stores sperm - vas deferens transports sperm - vasectomy > cut the tube

Question 26

sperm

Answer 26

- put in seminal fluid that is produced in seminal vesicle - prostate gland also produces seminal fluid (30%) - travel through urethra and out - hormones secreted by anterior pituitary signal sperm production

Question 27

female reproduction

Answer 27

- anterior pituitary releases FSH [follicle stimulating hormone] > follicle growth > progesterone from corpus luteum tells pituitary not to release FSH or LH because female might be pregnant > estrogen communicates with pituitary to send LH

Question 28

ovary

Answer 28

- releases estrogen > affects uterus | - LH sent > oocyte released > corpus luteum (oocyte scar tissue) release progesterone to keep padding endometrium

Question 29

uterus

Answer 29

- relayed info from estrogen [ovaries] thickens lining [endometrium] - scar tissue dies with no sperm > no progesterone > lining thins/sloughs off > cycle starts over

Question 30

birth control - gametes don't meet

Answer 30

- celibacy/absinence | - rhythm method > can track it but body can be unpredictable

Question 31

vasectomy

Answer 31

cutting of the vas deferens > still have ejaculate but no sperm

Question 32

tubal ligation

Answer 32

cut and tie fallopian tubes/oviducts/uterine tubes

Question 33

birth control - stopping sperm

Answer 33

- condom [male/female] - diaphragm - pulling out > not usually effective [precum]

Question 34

birth control - sperm killed

Answer 34

spermicide

Question 35

birth control - no ovulation

Answer 35

- pill - patch - injectable * certain levels of estrogen/progesterone * trick body into thinking it's pregnant > shut down FSH & LH

Question 36

birth control - no implantation

Answer 36

- intrauterine device (IUD) | - morning after pill

Question 37

Fertilization

Answer 37

- oocyte and sprem meet > become zygote > up to 8 cell stage they are totipotent (all 8 could become humans) - identical multiple birth pregnancy

Question 38

tubal pregnancy

Answer 38

- zygote implants in fallopian tube | - not viable > could be life threatening if tube bursts > child will not survive

Question 39

embryonic development

Answer 39

- placenta connects to embryo via umbilical cord

Question 40

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 40

- mild to severe handicap | - caused when woman drinks/smokes/does drugs while pregnant

Question 41

prenatal detection > non-invasive

Answer 41

- ultrasound | - maternal blood sampling

Question 42

prenatal detection > invasive

Answer 42

- Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | - amniocentesis > test amniotic fluid

Question 43

labor process

Answer 43

- oxytocin released from hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary - causes muscle contractions in uterus - baby's head presses on cervix - delivery of baby through cervix/vagina pushed via uterine contractions from oxytocin - cycle broken once baby is born - uterus expels placenta

Question 44

labor

Answer 44

- positive feedback process | - 3 stages