Biology 104 - Exam 3 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Echinoderms
A
- phylum: echinodemata
- bilateral larvae, radial adults, no cephalization, true coelom, complete digestive, no segment, water vascular system
- sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
2
Q
water vascular system
A
system of canals that circulate water
- gas exchange, waste disposal, locomotion, feeding
3
Q
Chordates
A
- phylum: chordata
- 4 characteristics –> notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tale
4
Q
notochord
A
flexible rod that runs along the back –> spinal discs in humans
5
Q
dorsal nerve chord
A
spinal chord and brain
6
Q
pharyngeal slits
A
feeding slits
7
Q
postanal tale
A
tail (animals i.e. dog/cat), human tail develops away
8
Q
tunicates and lancelets
A
- ectotherms
- closest modern day representatives of ancestor chordates
- tunicata: sessile adults, free-swimming larvae
- cephalachordata
- filter feeders
9
Q
hagfishes
A
- ectotherms, endoskeleton, slime production
- eat dead/dying animals
- subphyla craniata
10
Q
lampreys
A
- endoskeleton of cartilage/bone including backbone or cranium
- jaws of cartilage or bone, ectotherms, cranium and vertebrae
- simplest chordates that have a layer of support surrounding nerve chord
11
Q
jawed fishes
A
agile swimmers, most carnivorous, lateral line system
12
Q
lateral line system
A
row of sensory organs along body length
13
Q
cartilaginous fishes
A
flexible cartilage skeleton, thick/fleshy fins, respiration through the gills, adept predators –> poor eyesight, good smell, electrosensors on head to detect movement of animals
14
Q
bony fishes
A
common seas/freshwater, skeleton reinforced by hard calcium salts, keen smell/eyesight, lateral line system, operculum
15
Q
operculum
A
gil chamber flap that allows for movement/no movement
16
Q
ray finned
A
- fins supported by skeletal rays, gas bladder (buoyancy)
17
Q
lobe finned
A
- swim bladder assists in respiration, muscular fins supported by stout bones
- lungfishes, coelacanth
18
Q
amphibians
A
- first to inhabit land
- descended from fishes with lungs
- first limbs/lungs –> skeletal support precursor to limbs
- reproduction still tied to water
- adapted to freshwater/land habitats
- improved respiratory organs, circulation, skeleton system, tear glands
- reproduction –> egg + sperm released, metamorphosis
19
Q
reptiles
A
- amniotic egg protected by shell
- non-avian reptiles have dry/scaly skin, kidney’s absorb water, well-developed lungs, internal fertilization
- non-avian (ectothermic), birds (endothermic)
20
Q
birds
A
- thought to be dinosaur descendants
- powerful breast muscles, keel-like breastbone
- wing shape dependent on habitat
- honeycomb structure of bones makes them light and durable
- some internal organs absent to reduce weight
- high demand for energy –> powerful heart and lungs
- feathers made of keratin –> same as non-avian scales
- insulation, attract mate –> not at all used in flight
21
Q
monotremes
A
- platypus, echidna
- lays eggs –> young hatch –> feeds on the mother
22
Q
marsupials
A
- brief gestation to live birth
- young develop while attached to mother, usually in a pouch
- kangaroos, opossum, koala
23
Q
placental mammals
A
- young develop in womb and have live birth
- placenta joins mother to the embryo
- humans, zebra, elephant, dogs, some aquatic animals
24
Q
Primates
A
- evolved from small tree-dwelling, insect-eating creatures about 65 MYA
- shared characteristics: opposable thumbs, sensitive hands/fingers and toes with flat nails, no claws, close set eyes with binocular vision, large brain
25
prosimians
- lorises, pottos, lemurs (Lorids)
- omnivorous, Madagascar/S. Asia/Africa
- Tarsiers: tree-dwelling carnivores
- SE Asia, nocturnal, insectivores
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simians
- new world --> arboreal with prehensile tail used for swinging
- old world --> some arboreal without prehensile tail, some ground dwelling
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hominids - locomotion
- free swinging, running with large hands/long arms
- bipedalism in humans
- shorter arms, longer/stronger legs, foot bones form support, pelvis supports body, vertebrae adds flexibility in lower back, foramen magnum tucked under skull
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hominids - feeding/diet
- skull ridge, size/shape of skull useful
- sagittal crest as point of attachment for jaw muscles
- molars grind, crush, mash food
- size of the jaw bones/protrusion, tooth row curvature
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Australopiths
- foremen magnum positioned downward --> upright walking
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Paranthropus
- large teeth, protruding jaws, skull with sagittal crest
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Homo
- associated with stone tools
- larger bodies/brains
- smaller teeth, lighter/less protruding jaw/larger skull/brain case
- lighter brow ridges
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evolution of humankind through natural selection
- likely spurred by environmental changes
- upright bipedalism --> advantageous in new habitat
- selection pressure i.e. skin pigment
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ecology
interactions between organisms & the environment (biotic factors + abiotic factors)
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environmentalism
advocacy of preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment especially in relation to pollution
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pollution
contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances
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population ecology
study of how populations interact with the environment
| - explore how factors influence age, size, density, growth rate of population
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habitat
physical location where population members normally live
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density
the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of a habitat
- varies among species
- usually estimated by sampling
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population growth
population births - population deaths
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population growth rate
change in population size per unit
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birth rate
how many new organisms are added to the population each year
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death rate
how many organisms leave/die in the population
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life table
probability of surviving to a certain age
| - table creates survivorship curve
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Type I
- usually seen with humans and other large vertebrates
| - low mortality rate
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Type II
- many birds and some mammals
| - age dependent mortality --> in the middle
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Type III
- fish, invertebrates, plants
| - high mortality rate
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exponential population growth
- number of individuals added increases in proportion to population size
- J-shaped curve
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logistic population growth
- population growth slows & levels off as resources become limited
- S-shaped curve
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carrying capacity
- limit of individuals that a habitat can maintain or accommodate
- growth rate declines as carrying capacity reached
- depends on species/habitat/resources
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density-dependent factors
- those that intensify as population density increases
- individuals compete for resources
- disease prevalence or predation may increase
- typically have more of an effect before independent factors
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density-independent factors
- those unrelated to population density
| - seasonal freezing, fire, floods, storms, environmental changes etc.
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life history
organisms strategy for reproduction and survival
- age of first reproduction
- number/size of offspring
- energy cost of reproduction
- parental responsibility
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opportunistic species
- tend to be short lived, reproduce at early age, many offspring that receive little care
- population growth rate may be high under optimal conditions
- Type III survivorship curve
- plants, many insects
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equilibrium species
- long lives, mature later, extended parental care
- high probability of surviving
- mammals, some birds, some insects
- Type I & Type II survivorship curves
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age structure
diagrams that help predict trends in growth
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habitat
physical space with specific characteristics where organisms live
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niche
all the resources required for survival growth & reproduction
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climate
- sunlight/sunlight intensity
| - light & temperature variation in precipitation via air conduction patterns
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tilt
relative to the sun, leads to seasonal temperature changes
| - Earth: 23.5 degree tilt
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convection cells
warm and cool air cycle
| - air first cools, cause water to condense and fall --> rain
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biodiversity
We are losing biodiversity through scarce and polluted resources, and a changing climate.
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Two major biomes
Terrestrial, aquatic
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Primary Producers (terrestrial)
Plants primary producers (determined by climate)
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primary producers (aquatic)
phytoplankton are primary producers (determined by physical conditions)
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distribution of biomes
depends largely on precipitation and temperature
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Polar Ice
temp is cold, dry and windy, phytoplankton in ice and ocean water are primary producers.
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Tundra
very cold, dry; subsoil permanently frozen (permafrost); small plants with shallow roots; animals with thick fur; 20% of land surface; less animal diversity in Southern H. than Northern H.
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Taiga
cold and abundantly dry, abundant coniferous trees; some mammals and birds stay year round.
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Temperate rain forest
mild winters, cool summers, abundant rain, large conifers, amphibians, mammals, and fish.
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Temperate deciduous forest
warm summers, cold winters, consistent rainfall, trees and migratory animals are common, lots of trees.
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Temperate grassland
hot summers, cold winters, moderately moist, summertime drought, fires, grazing prevent tree growth.
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Mediterranean shrub land (chaparral)
hot, dry summers, cool, moist winters, fire and drought resistant plants thrive here.
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Desert
always dry; may be cool or hot, plants store water, and most animals come out at night time.
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Tropical rainforest
warm and wet, highest species diversity of all the biomes, lots of herbivores and predators.
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Aquatic biomes
occupy largest part of the biosphere, roughly 75% of earth's surface.
Determined by salinity
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Freshwater Biome
| Standing bodies of water
cover less than 1% of the earth, contain .01% of all earth's water supply,
- standing bodies of water: ponds, lakes, rivers, groundwater
- phytoplankton producers
- zooplankton consumers
- bacteria common in deep waters
- water depth/distance from shore determine distribution of biota
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Freshwater Biome
| flowing bodies of water
support different kinds of life, vary in character from source to downstream
- lakes, rivers, streams
- cold, clear, low in nutrients, swift
- Downstream water collects to create ponds
- consumers use smell rather than eyesight
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Marine biome
3% is salt concentration, 97% of earth's water. Source of most rainfall on earth, home to most life on the planet, photosynthesis by marine algae, source of the biosphere's oxygen.
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Intertidal zone
submerged or exposed ocean meets land, conditions vary with tide.
80
Coral reefs
occur in photic zone of warm tropical waters, algae primary producers, support diverse animal life, being destroyed.
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Estuaries
freshwater meets ocean water
- salinity ranges depending on tide, usually bordered by mud flats
- biologically productive environment on earth, high in nutrients.
- threats: pollution, altered freshwater inflow, non-native species.
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Competition
-/- Two or more species try to obtain the same limited resources: shelter, food, water, light, nutrients
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Competitive exclusion principal
two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche, one species wins. Exclusion not inevitable, species can agree to resource partitioning
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Resource partitioning
resources used in a different way or at a different time
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symbiosis
one species lives in or on another species (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
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Mutualism
+/+ benefits both species, improves reproduction
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Commensalism
+/0 one species benefits while the other species is unaffected
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Parasitism
-/+ one species benefits at the expense of another
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Predation
some species eat other species for energy and carbon
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herbivores
eat plants for energy and carbon
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adaptations
feeding on other organisms has negative effects on fitness. plants have adaptations such as: thorns, sap, distasteful, or poisonous
animals: camouflage, coloration, mimicry.
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coevolution between species
adaptation in one species select for adaptation in another, species evolve in response to another
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keystone species
predators that help save one species by eating the predatory species of that species
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species richness
total # of species in a habitat
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species evenness
the proportion of a community that each species occupies
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ecological succession
process of gradual change in a community
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Primary succession
occurs in an area where no life previously existed
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Secondary succession
is caused by disturbances that disrupt biological communities
-disturbances destroy organisms, alter resource availability
99
pioneer species
first to colonize, determines other species
| -rapid reproduction, efficient dispersal
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Climax community
small-scale disturbances create patchy distribution of succession across a landscapr
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Ecosystem processes
1. energy flow through an ecosystem
| 2. chemical cycling between abiotic and biotic
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food chains/ webs
a series of organisms that successively eat one another.
| many energy and nutrient transfers
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trophic level
position of an organisms in a food chain relative to energy source
producers-primary consumers-secondary consumers-tertiary consumers then all the waste= detritus and the decomposers eat that then break it down and the cycle starts again.
104
sunlight
tiny fraction converted to chemical energy. most absorbed, scattered, reflected by earth's atmosphere or surface
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producers
algae, plants: fix energy as it enters an ecosystem (gross primary productivity).
used for building biomass and reproduction
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net productivity
gross primary productivity- heat= net primary productivity.
| heat is lost
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productivity (terrestrial)
depends on water availability and temperature
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productivity (aquatic)
depends on nutrient availability
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10% rule
one tenth of the energy at one trophic level is available in the next trophic level.
at every conversion heat is lost
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consumers
inefficiently get energy from what producers fix.
-energy pyramid
-10% rule varies- more like 2%-30%
-depends on digestibility and metabolic rate
corn(100kal)-cow(10kal)-human(1kal)
111
biomagnification
chemicals in biomass at a low level can be more concentrated at higher levels.
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DDT
pesticide used to kill lice and mosquitos in the 1960's.
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fat soluble
chemicals that are more likely to become concentrated.
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biochemical cycling
recycling of elements between biotic and abiotic components.
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four major reservoirs
Atmosphere, water, organisms, rocks/soil.
an element may combine with other elements.
some cycling relies only on geologic processes, bypassing the biotic (water cycle).
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water cycle
producers/ consumers take up water from lake, river, pond, groundwater; they lose water by cellular respiration.
evaporation-atmosphere-rains down
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carbon
element critical to life
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carbon cycle
atmospheric CO2-photosynthesis converts CO2 to glucose- producers fix CO2-consumers eat-organic matter in soil broken down by decomposers- respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere.
atmosphere+oceans= slow cycle
rocks and soil+atmosphere=fast cycle
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water CO2
dissolves in ocean- photosynthesis-aquatic food chain-respiration-back to atmosphere
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Nitrogen
essential element, needed for creation of amino acids. 18% of atmosphere
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nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation-bacteria and archaea fix to NH4. nitrates produce lightning
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denitrifcation
convert NO3- NO2 happens in oxygen poor environments. Combustion happens through industry
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phosphorus cycle
erosion (abiotic) releases phosphorus from rocks and sediments- decomposition returns it.
phosphorus dissolved-sedimentations-ocean sediments
too much applied causes pollution
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phosphorus
needed for nucleotides, released by weathering
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biodiversity
1. Variety of ecosystems
2. variety of species within a community
3. Variety within the genes of each species
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diversity
loss of diversity limits potential new discoveries
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endangered
immediate high extinction risk
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vulnerable
likely to become extinct soon
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extinction
losing a species, today 200 of 20,000 gone extinct. 20% freshwater fish gone extinct.
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Mountain ranges
air is cooler at highest elevation.
| block wind and moist air masses on upwind scale.
