Biology 1.1

Question 1

Catabolic

Answer 1

Breakdown of complex molecules

Question 2

Anabolic

Answer 2

Synthesis of complex molecules

Question 3

Four main groups of organic compounds

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

CnH2nOn

Question 5

Isomer

Answer 5

Same atoms with different arrangements

Question 6

Glucose vs fructose vs ribose

Answer 6

Glucose and fructose has 6 carbons and ribose has 5 carbons

Question 7

Disaccharide

Answer 7

2 sugar units joined by a glycosidic linkage from a condensation/dehydration reaction and the loss of water

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

Uses water to make 2 monosaccharides

Question 9

Glucose + Fructose

Answer 9

Sucrose

Question 10

Glucose + Galactose

Answer 10

Lactose

Question 11

Glucose + Glucose

Answer 11

Maltose

Question 12

Polysaccharide

Answer 12

Monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 13

Starch

Answer 13

Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules used for energy storage in plant cells

Question 14

Amylose

Answer 14

Type of starch with linear alpha-glucose molecules

Question 15

Amylopectin

Answer 15

Type of starch with branches alpha-glucose molecules

Question 16

Glycogen

Answer 16

Highly branched polymer of alpha-glucose molecules used for energy storage in animal cells

Question 17

Cellulose

Answer 17

Linear polymer strings of beta-glucose molecules used structurally for walls of plant cells

Question 18

Chitin

Answer 18

Polymer of nitrogen attached beta-glucose monomers used structurally in walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods

Question 19

Lipids

Answer 19

CHO, highly hydrophobic due to long hydrocarbon tails, used for insulation, energy storage, structure and endocrine signalling

Question 20

Triglycerol/triglycerine

Answer 20

glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids

Question 21

Glycerol

Answer 21

3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl

Question 22

Fatty acid

Answer 22

hydrocarbon chains with a COOH that can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 23

Saturated

Answer 23

all single bonds between carbons

Question 24

Unsaturated

Answer 24

one or more double bonds between carbons

Question 25

Cis-unsaturated

Answer 25

kinky hydrocarbon chain, prevents packing, flexible

Question 26

trans-unsaturated

Answer 26

no kinks, straight tails

Question 27

monounsaturated

Answer 27

one double bond

Question 28

polyunsaturated

Answer 28

two or more double bonds

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

glycerol backbone + phosphate group (polar) + 2 fatty acids (non-polar)

Question 30

Amphipathic

Answer 30

hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Question 31

Glycolipids

Answer 31

glycerol backbone + carbohydrate (mono or oligosaccharide) + 2 fatty acids

Question 32

Steroids

Answer 32

4 carbon ring structure

Question 33

Proteins

Answer 33

CHON, amino acids bonded by peptide bonds

Question 34

Amino acid

Answer 34

Total of 20, central carbon bonded to an amino, carboxyl, hydrogen and an R group

Question 35

Polypeptide formation

Answer 35

Dehydration/condensation reaction of amino acids that releases a water

Question 36

N-terminus (amino terminus)

Answer 36

end of polypeptide ending with amino group of the first amino acid

Question 37

C-terminus (carboxyl terminus)

Answer 37

end of polypeptide ending with carboxyl group of the last amino acid

Question 38

Primary structure

Answer 38

linear amino acid sequence, important for protein to fold to its native state

Question 39

Secondary structure

Answer 39

3D shape from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids, forming alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets. Common structure of fibrous proteins

Question 40

Tertiary structure

Answer 40

3D shape from non covalent interactions between R groups which cause hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, common structure of globular proteins

Question 41

Quaternary structure

Answer 41

multiple polypeptide chains joined together by hydrogen bonding

Question 42

Native state

Answer 42

the structure of the original operative and functional protein

Question 43

Protein denaturation

Answer 43

When protein is unfolded and loses higher order structures due to a denaturing agent, change in temp, pH, or salt concentration. Can be reversed by removing denaturing agent or condition

Question 44

Four functions of protein

Answer 44

Storage, transport, immunity, enzymes

Question 45

Nucleic acids

Answer 45

CHONP, includes both DNA and RNA

Question 46

Nucleoside

Answer 46

five carbon sugar + nitrogen base

Question 47

Nucleotide

Answer 47

five carbon sugar + nitrogen base + (deoxy)ribose + phosphate group

Question 48

Purines

Answer 48

Double ringed, guanine, adenine

Question 49

Pyrimidines

Answer 49

Single ringed, cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 50

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 50

connects nucleotides by the 5' and 3' carbon ends

Question 51

5' end

Answer 51

Free phosphate

Question 52

3' end

Answer 52

Free hydroxyl

Question 53

DNA

Answer 53

right handed, anti-parallel, double stranded helix, A, G, C, T

Question 54

RNA

Answer 54

single stranded, A, G, C, U

Question 55

Adenine and thymine

Answer 55

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 56

Guanine and cytosine

Answer 56

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 57

Adenine and uracil

Answer 57

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 58

Cell Theory

Answer 58

All living things comprised of one or more cells, cells are basic unit of structure, function and organization, all cells come from pre-existing living cells, and cells carry hereditary information

Question 59

Central dogma of genetics

Answer 59

DNA to RNA to proteins, flow of info in an organism

Question 60

Ribozyme

Answer 60

RNA molecule capable of acting as an enzyme, converted from DNA

Question 61

RNA world Hypothesis

Answer 61

Self-replicating RNA were precursors to current life, RNA can store genetic info and catalyze chemical reactions. Since RNA is unstable, DNA may have developed