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Nicole's Biology > Biology 5.1 > Flashcards

Biology 5.1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

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2
Q

Microevolution

A

How new species arise, changes in a single organism population from generation to generation

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3
Q

Macroevolution

A

Study of relationship between related species and patterns of change between such species

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4
Q

Evolution evidence

A

Paleontology, biogeography, comparative embryology, comparative anatomy, comparative molecular biology

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5
Q

Paleontology

A

Type of evolution evidence. Study of plant and animal fossils, evidence of changes in anatomical features of various animal species overtime, level of similarities in features also correlates with how closely related two species are in terms of evolutionary time

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6
Q

Biogeography

A

Type of evolution evidence. Study of species distribution in various geographic regions, unrelated species in similar environments may resemble each other, provides evidence of natural selection that states certain populations pass on certain phenotypes that are most favourable for particular environment

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7
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Type of evolution evidence. Study of developing embryo, some organisms have high levels of similarity as embryos but very different at maturity

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8
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Type of evolution evidence. Comparing anatomical features of species can show clues to their ancestry or evolutionary development. Consists of homologous structures and analogous structures

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9
Q

Homologous structures

A

Part of comparative anatomy which is a type of evolution evidence. Similarly developed structures on different species but the structure may serve different purposes in specific species, organisms have common ancestor.

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10
Q

Analogous structures

A

Part of comparative anatomy which is a type of evolution evidence. Look alike or serve similar purpose but not related, organisms did not come from the same ancestor, evolution occurred independently with similar selection pressures

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11
Q

Comparative molecular biology

A

Type of evolution evidence. Study of structure and function of molecules for life including macromolecule such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, all living things share the same genetic code, all living things have common ancestor far back in evolutionary time, related species share more common DNA sequences

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12
Q

Evolution patterns

A

Different patterns at which speciation (the process which new species arise) occurs. Consists of divergent evolution, convergent evolution, parallel evolution, co-evolution, reproductive isolation

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13
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Type of evolution pattern. 2 different species with common ancestor become different over time. Caused by:

  • Allopatric speciation: single population species divided by geographic barrier
  • Sympatric speciation: single population of species become reproductively isolated despite inhabiting same geographic region
  • Adaptive radiation: to minimize competition for resources, a single ancestral species may evolve to several lineages of species
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14
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Type of evolution pattern. 2 species share similar traits without common ancestor ancestor, occurs due to similar environments with similar selection pressures, 2 different species develop similar traits independently called analogous traits

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15
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Type of evolution pattern. When 2 species diverge from common ancestor but continue to evolve in similar way after speciation

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16
Q

Co-evolution

A

Type of evolution pattern. If predator has mutation to increase ability to catch prey, the prey can also develop mutation to increase ability to escape predator

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17
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Type of evolution pattern. Inability of 2 organism groups to reproduce to make healthy offspring. Composed of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation and post-zygotic reproductive isolation.

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18
Q

Pre-zygotic reproductive isolation

A

Type of reproductive isolation which is an evolution pattern.

  • habitate isolation: species do not inhabit same geographic regions
  • temporal isolation: species mate at different times or seasons
  • behavioural isolation: necessary signs or rituals for mating not performed
  • mechanical isolation: incompatible genitalia
  • gametic isolation: female and male gametes do not recognize each other
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19
Q

Post-zygotic reproductive isolation.

A

Type of reproductive isolation which is an evolution pattern.

  • Hybrid inviability: zygote does not properly develop
  • Hybrid sterility: hybrid offspring are infertile and cannot reproduce
  • Hybrid breakdown: First generation of hybrids can reproduce but following generations have reduced or no fertility
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20
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Lamarck, incorrect theory of evolution that states if an organism changes during its lifetime to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed to offspring

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21
Q

Natural selection

A

Charles Darwin, survival of the fittest, a number of individuals within a population may have phenotypes more favourable for their environment and have greater chance of survival, passing on such genes to their offspring. Ability to have more surviving offspring is an organism’s fitness level

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22
Q

Factors for evolutionary change

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A

Overpopulation/ limited resource, genetic variation, inheritance of variation and accumulation of adaptations

23
Q

Overpopulation/ limited resource

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A

A factor for evolutionary change. Species produce more offspring than environmental resources can support, causes offspring to compete for survival

24
Q

Genetic variation

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A

A factor for evolutionary change. Species have variations in features amongst the same and previous generations which are more or less favourable than other traits

25
Inheritance of variation
A factor for evolutionary change. Individuals with favourable variations of traits will survive and pass on such traits to their offspring
26
Accumulation of adaptations
A factor for evolutionary change. As favourable traits accumulate in population over time, the difference between organisms with and without such traits become too significant and lead to speciation
27
Types of natural selection
Stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, sexual selection, artificial selection
28
Stabilizing selection
Type of natural selection. Elimination of extreme phenotypes, population stabilizes to having the most common trait being the best adapted for the environment or a non-extreme phenotype or a mean of the extremes
29
Directional selection
Type of natural selection. Favours one extreme phenotype of a trait that becomes more extreme over time
30
Disruptive selection
Type of natural selection. Preference for extreme phenotypes of a trait (extreme on both ends)
31
Sexual selection
Type of natural selection. Preference for certain characteristics by opposite sex, refers to traits that allow males to mate more, dependent on female preference
32
Artificial selection
Type of natural selection. Selection from humans.
33
Sources of genetic variation in populations
Mutations, sexual reproduction, diploidy/polyploidy, outbreeding, balanced polymorphism
34
Mutations
A source of genetic variation in populations. Non-lethal ones introduce variation
35
Sexual reproduction
A source of genetic variation in populations. Crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilizations
36
Diploidy/polyploidy
A source of genetic variation in populations. Recessive alleles propagated through heterozygote offspring, provides a variety that is protected from natural selection and can show up in future generations
37
Outbreeding
A source of genetic variation in populations. Mating with unrelated (non-family) individuals
38
Balanced polymorphism
A source of genetic variation in populations. Balanced propagation of 2 alleles of a gene. Consists of: - Heterozygote advantage - Hybrid vigor (heterosis) - Frequency-dependent selection (minority advantage)
39
Heterozygote advantage
Type of balanced polymorphism which is a source of genetic variation in populations. "Aa" favoured over "AA" and "aa", both alleles maintained in the population
40
Hybrid vigor (heterosis)
Type of balanced polymorphism which is a source of genetic variation in populations. When 2 strains of a species (outbreeding) produce offspring with enhanced fitness. Ex. AA x aa ----> Aa
41
Frequency-dependent selection (minority advantage)
Type of balanced polymorphism which is a source of genetic variation in populations. Rare phenotypes are better for survival, creates cycling of allele frequencies because rare phenotypes become more common, once the rare is common it will not be advantageous so other rare phenotypes become more common instead, allowing multiple phenotypes to be maintained through alteration between periods of high and low frequencies
42
Hardy-Weinberg principle
Allele frequencies is the frequency a particular allele of a gene appears in a population. Population is in genetic equilibrium if allele frequency does not change between generations meaning no evolution is occuring under the assumption that the following ideal conditions are satisfied: - no natural selection - no mutations - no gene flow; population is isolated - no genetic drift; no founder effect or bottleneck effect - random mating; no sexual selection
43
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Only used if 5 ideal conditions are satisfied. p + q = 1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p is frequency of recessive allele, q is frequency of dominant allele, p^2 is frequency of recessive homozygous, 2pq is frequency of heterozygotes, q^2 is frequency of dominant homozygotes
44
Microevolution
Sources of change in allele frequencies. In nature, it's impossible for populations to maintain genetic equilibrium as the ideal conditions are not maintained, inducing microevolutionary changes as a result of introduction of advantageous mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating
45
Introduction of advantageous mutations
A cause of microevolutionary change. This is natural selection.
46
Gene flow
A cause of microevolutionary change. Migration of individuals into or out of geographic region, resulting in shift or introduction of new alleles
47
Genetic drift
A cause of microevolutionary change. Change in allele frequencies by random chance. Consists of founder effect and bottleneck effect.
48
Founder effect
Part of genetic drift which is a cause of microevolutionary change. When a group of organisms migrate away from their population to a new geographic location, may bring different allele frequencies compared to original population.
49
Bottleneck effect
Part of genetic drift which is a cause of microevolutionary change. When population suddenly dramatically decreases in size caused by random events (ex. natural disaster), the remaining population may randomly have a different allele frequency.
50
Non-random mating
A cause of microevolutionary change. Selecting mates by location, inbreeding or sexual selection
51
Macroevolution
Changes amongst groups of species over extended periods of geologic time, as opposed to evolution of individual species. Two theories: phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
52
Phyletic gradualism
A theory of macroevolution. Speciation occurs from accumulation of small gradual changes over time, fossils show various stages of change in morphological features but there are some intermediate stages of evolution not shown in fossils
53
Punctuated equilibrium
A theory of macroevolution. Periods without evolution are separated by short periods of rapid evolution, absence of intermediate stages of evolution in fossils represent time periods without evolutionary change

Nicole's Biology (31 decks)

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