Biology 5.4 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Innate behaviours
Molded by evolution, genetically encoded, beneficial to overall fitness. Consists of instinct, fixed action patterns (FAP or Model action pattern) and imprinting
Instinct
Type of innate behaviour. Innate inherited behaviour.
Fixed action patterns (FAP or Model action pattern)
Type of innate behaviour. Type of instinctive behaviour that always inevitably runs to completion when a “sign stimulus” initiates the behaviour
Imprinting
Type of innate behaviour. Animal learns this behaviour during a critical period of their life, if period is missed then behaviour cannot be learned, but once behaviour is learned it is irreversible
Learned behaviours
Introduced through environment and experiences. Consists of associative learning, habituation, observational learning and insight
Associative learning
Type of learned behaviour. 2 or more events associated together. Consists of classical conditioning, trial and error learning (Operant/ instrumental conditioning) and spatial learning
Classical conditioning
Type of associative learning which is a learned behaviour. Animal conditioned to perform innate behaviour (usually elicited by unconditioned response) in response to a substitute neural stimulus
Trial and error learning (Operant/ instrumental conditioning)
Type of associative learning which is a learned behaviour. Animal associates a behaviour to the positive or negative response it receives. A positive or negative reinforcement must occur when animal performs certain behaviour, unlearned behaviour through absence of reinforcement is called extinction of conditioning
Spatial learning
Type of associative learning which is a learned behaviour. Associate specific location or landmark to a reward
Habituation
Type of learned behaviour. Animal disregards meaningless, repeated stimuli
Observational learning
Type of learned behaviour. Copying behaviour of other animals without positive reinforcement
Insight
Type of learned behaviour. Animal performs new behaviour that results in positive outcome
Animal movement
Kinesis, taxis, migration
Kinesis
Type of animal movement. An undirected change in speed in response to a stimulus
Taxis
Type of animal movement. A directed movement towards or away from a stimulus
Migration
Type of animal movement. Long distance, seasonal movement
Animal communication
Pheromones, visual, auditory, tactile
Pheromones
Type of animal communication. Secreted chemicals that can be detected by other animals via smell or taste.
- Releaser pheromones cause immediate and specific changes in behaviour upon detection
- Primer pheromones cause physiological changes upon detection
Visual communication
Type of animal communication. Entice a mate or show agnostic behaviours such as aggression
Auditory communication
Type of animal communication. Communicate long distances, in water or in the dark
Tactile communication
Type of animal communication. Social bonding, infant care, grooming, mating
Foraging behaviours
Tendency for animals to maximize feeding while minimizing energy expenditure and risk associated to foraging. Animals group together to form herds or flocks that conceal majority of animals from view and can corner their prey. Animals use search images to find food which entails associating specific visual cues with prey.
Social behaviours
Agnostic behaviour, dominance hierarchies, territoriality, altruistic behaviour, kin selection
Agnostic behaviour
Type of social behaviour. Comes from competition for food, mate or territory, can be aggressive or submissive.
