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Nicole's Biology > Biology 1.2 > Flashcards

Biology 1.2 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Theory of endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once undefended prokaryotes who were engulfed by larger cells to form the first eukaryotic cell

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Unicellular, lack membrane-bound organelle, lack mitochondria and nucleus, contain small ribosomes and cytoskeleton, has nucleoid region. Genome has single chromosome and some plasmids. Has anaerobic or aerobic metabolism.

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3
Q

Flagella

A

Tail-like projection for cellular movement made of flagellin proteins and seen in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

Cilia

A

Tail-like projection for cellular movement made of tubular subunits arranged in a 9+2 fashion and seen in eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Unicellular or multicellular, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus. DNA has long chromosomes tightly packed with histones. Larger ribosomes and cytoskeleton. Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Can be aerobic or anaerobic.

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6
Q

Autotrophic

A

Primary producer, organism can make complex molecules using simpler compounds

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7
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Uses light to make carbohydrates by photosynthesis

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8
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Makes organic compounds from inorganic substrates (H2S, NH3) by chemosynthesis

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9
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Consumers, must obtain energy by consuming autotrophs

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10
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Need oxygen to survive

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11
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Need absence of oxygen to survive

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12
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

In absence of oxygen, can switch from aerobe to anaerobe

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13
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Selectively permeable membrane with nuclear pores, has 2 phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear space

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14
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Network of proteins underlying inner nuclear membrane, provides structural support and aids in regulating mitosis

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15
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Fluid within nucleus

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where assembly of both large and small subunits of ribosome occurs, site of rRNA synthesis

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

In cytoplasm for protein synthesis, on surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membrane-bound tubules that is continuous with the nuclear envelope

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19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Covered in ribosomes for synthesis of proteins designated for the secretory pathway or plasma membrane

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20
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of steroid hormones and lipids

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

“Post office”, receives vesicles from rough ER and modifies the vesicle and encapsulated proteins which are then directed to other cellular regions or for extracellular secretion

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22
Q

Lysozymes

A

Contain digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion, breaks down pathogens and waste

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23
Q

Autophagy

A

Breaks down old parts of the cell

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24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis and fatty-acid catabolism via beta-oxidation, has independent circular DNA and ribosomes

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25
Peroxisomes
Detoxifies alcohol in liver cells, converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water using catalase
26
Glyoxysomes
Specialized variations of peroxisomes in germinating seeds of some plants
27
Vacuole
Storage vesicle
28
Transport vacuole
Move material between organelles or between organelles and plasma membrane
29
Food vacuole
Merges with lysozyme to break down food
30
Contractile vacuole
In unicellular organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cells via active transport to prevent bursting. Found in Protista (amoeba and paramecium) and organisms in hypotonic environments
31
Central vacuole
Fill most of plant cell interior to provide turgidity when fully filled, stores nutrients and carry out functions performed by lysozymes in animal cells, has specialized membrane called the tonoplast
32
Cell walls
Not in animal cells, some organisms have 2 cell walls, found as cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria and polysaccharides in archaea and in some protists
33
Extracellular Matrix
In animal cells, fills space, provides mechanical support and binds adjacent cells
34
Proteoglycans
shock absorbing cushions between cells
35
Collagen fibers
Provide structural support, strength and resilience to tissues
36
Adhesive proteins
Create a network by binding proteoglycans and collagen to cell surface receptors (fibronectin, intern, laminin)
37
Focal adhesions
Connection of extracellular matrix to actin filaments
38
Hemidesmosomes
Connection of extracellular matrix to intermediate filaments
39
Collagen
Secreted by animal cells, major component of extracellular matrix
40
Plastids
in plant cells, site of chemical compound synthesis and storage in plants, algae and some eukaryotes. Consists of chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts
41
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
42
Leucoplast
General biosynthetic functions and storage of starch/lipid/protein as amyloplasts/ elaioplasts/ proteinoplast
43
Chromoplast
Store carotenoids
44
Cytoskeleton
Not an organelle, in eukaryotes, for cell division, cell crawling, and movement of cytoplasm and organelles. Includes microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
45
Microtubules
Polymer of tubulin proteins found in flagella, cilia, spindle fibres during division
46
Microfilaments
Polymer of actin proteins used for cell movement and muscle contraction
47
Intermediate filaments
Maintains and supports cells
48
Plasma membrane
Selectively permeable membrane around nucleus and cytoplasm to control exit and entry of molecules. Has cholesterol for rigidity and membrane proteins that can be integral (pass through membrane) or peripheral (on surface)
49
Fluid Mosaic Model
Amphipathic nature allows a fluid bilayer to form. Hydrophilic heads face outwards and hydrophobic tails face inwards
50
Passive Transport
Movement of molecules down concentration gradient without ATP
51
Simple diffusion
Moving small, non polar, uncharged molecules
52
Osmosis
Movement of water across a membrane
53
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of large, hydrophilic saluted with membrane proteins
54
Channel proteins
Integral pore proteins that allow certain molecules to pass through, may be gated and open in response to certain stimuli
55
Carrier proteins
Integral proteins that change conformation upon binding to a specific molecule
56
Aquaporins
Pores in plant roots and kidney cells to allow for faster osmosis
57
Active transport
Carrier proteins pump solutes against concentration gradient using ATP
58
Primary active transport
Direct use of energy to move molecules
59
Sodium-potassium pump
Exchanges 3 Na+ for 2K+
60
Uniporters
Moves 1 molecule unidirectionally
61
Symporters
Moves 2 molecules unidirectionally
62
Antiporters
Moves 2 molecules in opposite directions across membrane
63
Secondary active transport
Relies on pre-existing gradient from primary active transport
64
Exocytosis
Vesicle secretion of molecules
65
Bulk flow
Unidirectional movement of a fluid from source to sink
66
Endocytosis
Intake of molecules via invagination of cell membrane
67
Phagocytosis
Engulfing solid particles
68
Pinocytosis
Uptake of fluid including dissolved particles
69
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Triggered by specific molecules binding to cell surface receptors
70
Cell junctions
Provide tissue integrity by anchoring cells to each other and providing a passageway for intercellular exchange of materials
71
Anchoring junctions (Desmosomes)
Provides stability and holds things together
72
Tight junctions
A seal that prevents passage across layer of cells
73
Gap junctions
Physically creates an opening connecting two cells to allow for passage of ions and small molecules
74
Plasmodesmata
Gap junctions specific to plant cells
75
Stages of cell communication
Reception, transduction, response
76
Quorum sensing
Bacteria secretes and detect molecules to regulate cell population density
77
Gap junctions/ plasmodesmate
Direct transfer of materials from cell to cell
78
Paracrine signalling
Short distance molecules released that are sensed by local cells
79
Endocrine signalling
Long distance communication between distant cells
80
Cell surface receptors
Membrane proteins that receive the signal and induce transduction
81
Hydrophilic messengers
Cannot diffuse through membranes, binds to cell surface receptors which then transduces the message via second messengers such as cAMP
82
G-protein receptor
A multi-subunit integral protein. Upon ligand (messenger) binding, a conformational change is induced which results in the release of the alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds and activates adenylyl cyclase which generates second messenger cAMP.
83
Cytoplasmic receptors
Free floating receptors in the cell that bind to smaller, non polar, hydrophobic ligands that can diffuse through the plasma membrane
84
Cellular tonicity
The difference in total solute concentration (osmolarity) between the intracellular and extracellular environments. Affects movement of water across cell membrane
85
Isotonicity
Same solute concentration intracellularly and extracellularly
86
Hypertonicity
Extracellular environment has higher osmolarity. Water moves out of the cell via osmosis, results in plasmolysis (shrinkage)
87
Hypotonicity
Extracellular environment has lower osmolarity. Water moves in to the cell via osmosis, results in cell swelling and in extreme cases, lysis (cell bursting)
88
Hypertonic solutions in plant cells
Plasmolysis causes cell membrane to detach from cell wall
89
Hypotonic solutions in plant cells
Cell wall counteracts the osmotic pressure to prevent lysis

Nicole's Biology (31 decks)

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