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Nicole's Biology > Biology 3.10 > Flashcards

Biology 3.10 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine system

A

Involved in homeostasis maintenance, uses two types of signalling:

1) Endocrine signalling
2) Neuro-endocrine signalling

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2
Q

Endocrine signalling

A

Cascade of hormonal signalling. A dedicated gland (usually pituitary) makes hormones that travel to endocrine organs via blood, the target organs produce another set of hormones that have physiological consequences

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3
Q

Neuro-endocrine signalling

A

Nerve cells can be potential source of hormones, responsive to electrical and hormonal inputs

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4
Q

Hormonal communication 5 steps

A

1) Hormone made by endocrine cells and released to blood stream.
2) Hormone transported independently or with carrier proteins to target site by blood stream
3) Hormone is detected by specific receptor protein on/in target cells
4) Receptor-hormone interaction induces a change in cellular metabolism
5) Hormone is removed to terminate the response

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5
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Signalling

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axes is one of the main mechanisms of hormonal feedback control that exists in many variations. When hypothalamus receives an input signal, it releases a hormone that will be detected by pituitary gland that will stimulate release of pituitary hormone that will travel through systemic circulation until it reaches the end organ (target organ). End organ will produce hormone or response, and when it’s present in excess, it is detected by hypothalamus and pituitary to cease hormone production in process called negative feedback

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forebrain structure that monitors external and internal environment of body. Hypothalamic neurons get info from other parts of the body, makes hormones to regulate pituitary gland. Has hypophysiotrophic hormones and posterior pituitary hormones

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7
Q

Hypophysiotrophic hormones

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), somatostatin (SS), growth releasing hormone (GRH), Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH, dopamine), Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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8
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Induces thyrotropin release from anterior pituitary

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9
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Induces gonadotropin release from anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Somatostatin (SS)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Inhibit growth hormone release from anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Growth releasing hormone (GRH)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Induce growth hormone release from anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH, dopamine)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Inhibit prolactin release from anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Stimulate prolactin release from anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Hypophysiotrophic hormone of hypothalamus. Induce adenocorticotropin release from anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin

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16
Q

Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)

A

Posterior pituitary hormone of hypothalamus. Is a peptide hormone. Also an anti-diuretic hormone. Regulates blood pressure, stimulates water reabsorption in kidney and gut

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17
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary hormone of hypothalamus. Is a peptide hormone. Affects smooth muscles, has behavioural effects

  • Women: uterine contraction in child birth (parturition) and milk ejection
  • Men: sperm ejaculation
  • Behavioural: reduce anxiety, enhance bonding/ pro-social behaviour
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18
Q

Pituitary gland

A

One of the major endocrine organs, under influence of hypothalamic hormones can make pituitary hormones, has 2 sections:

  • Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
  • Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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19
Q

Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

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A

Endocrine tissue. When hypothalamus secretes hormones into portal blood stream, it flows directly to anterior pituitary which causes pituitary to release tropic hormones into the blood that directly affect other endocrine glands

20
Q

Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

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A

Neuronal tissue. Composed of neurosecretory cells that are extensions from hypothalamus. Hormones made by hypothalamic neurons are stores in posterior pituitary until stimulated for release. Hormones stores here do not affect other glands, but have direct effect on tissues

21
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

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A

Tropic hormones and normal hormones

22
Q

Tropic hormones

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A

Type of anterior pituitary hormone. Consists of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

23
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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A

Type of tropic hormone which is a type of anterior pituitary hormone. Is a peptide hormone. Released in response to TRH, stimulates thyroid gland secretion of T3 and T4

24
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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A

Type of tropic hormone which is a type of anterior pituitary hormone. Is a peptide hormone. Released in response to CRH, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

25
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Type of tropic hormone which is a type of anterior pituitary hormone. Is a peptide hormone. Released in response to GnRH, targets ovaries and testes to regulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis respectively. In females, FSH stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen. In males, FSH stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production
26
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Type of tropic hormone which is a type of anterior pituitary hormone. Is a peptide hormone. Released in response to GnRH, targets ovaries and testes to regulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis. During follicular phase of ovarian cycle, estrogen levels spike up which stimulates hypothalamus to make a surge of LH that triggers ovulation. In females, LH stimulates formation of corpus luteum. In males, LH stimulates interstitial cells of testes to make testosterone.
27
Normal hormones
Type of anterior pituitary hormone. Consists of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH)
28
Prolactin (PRL)
Type of normal hormone which is a type of anterior pituitary hormone. Is a peptide hormone. Targets tissues in mammary glands to stimulate milk production
29
Growth hormone (GH)
Type of normal hormone which is a type of anterior pituitary hormone. Is a peptide hormone. Stimulates bone and muscle growth
30
Pancreas
Consists of alpha and beta cells
31
Alpha cells
Part of pancreas. Releases glucagon which is a peptide hormone. Glucagon targets liver to increase blood glucose levels. Released in response to low glucose levels
32
Beta cells
Part of pancreas. Releases insulin which is a peptide hormone. Targets liver, muscle, fat cells to increase glucose intake and decrease blood glucose levels. Released in response to high glucose levels. Beta cells targeted by immune system which leads to type I diabetes. Type II diabetes occurs when body becomes insensitive to insulin and overworks the pancreas, eventually destroying beta cells
33
Adrenal gland
On top of kidney with two sections: Medulla and cortex
34
Medulla
Part of adrenal gland. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both amino acid hormones that target blood vessels, heart, liver to increase blood glucose and constrict blood vessels during sympathetic ANS activation; "fight or flight"
35
Cortex
Part of adrenal gland. Cortisol (a glucocorticoid) is a steroid hormone that increases blood glucose, absorption of Na+ and excretion of K+. Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid) is a steroid hormone that increases blood blood glucose, absorption of Na+ and excretion of K+.
36
Thyroid
Located in front of neck and makes 3 main hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) is an amino acid hormone and Thyroxin (T4) is also an amino acid hormone that both increase cellular metabolism. Calcitonin, a peptide hormone, targets the bone and decreases blood Ca+ and increases bone Ca+
37
Parathyroid
Small lobules on surface of thyroid that is responsible for making parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is a peptide hormone that targets bones and increases blood Ca+ and decreases bone Ca+
38
Gonads
Consists of testis and ovaries
39
Testes
Part of gonads. Male reproductive organs where spermatogenesis occurs. Testosterone is a steroid hormone that targets the testis to promote spermatogenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics
40
Ovaries
Part of gonads. Female reproductive organs where oogenesis and hormone production occurs. Estrogen is a steroid hormone that targets uterus to promote development of secondary sexual characteristics, not directly responsible for ovulation but rising levels stimulate hypothalamus to release LH that triggers ovulation, important in menstruation. Progesterone is a steroid hormone that targets uterus for menstrual cycle and pregnancy
41
Pineal
Small gland in brain that makes melatonin, an amino acid hormone, that regulates sleep patterns with regards to circadian rhythm and seasonal changes
42
Hormone classification and detection in three categories
Steroid hormones, peptide hormones and amino-acid derived hormones
43
Steroid hormones
Diffuse through plasma membrane of cell and goes directly to nucleus where there is a receptor that the hormone bind to, activating gene transcription
44
Peptide hormones
Binds to receptor on plasma membrane, termed receptor mediated endocytosis. The receptor protein then stimulates production of second messenger inside the cell to carry the message. Secondary messengers include cAMP, inositol triphosphate (IP3)
45
Amino-acid derived hormones
Small molecules derived from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan, chemical names end in "-ine" or "-onin"

Nicole's Biology (31 decks)

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