Biology 2.2 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Order of diversity of life
A
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
2
Q
Domain: archaea, kingdom: monera, why can’t it be classified as bacteria?
A
prokaryotes, cannot be classified as bacteria because of cell wall composition and phospholipid tails
3
Q
cell wall composition
A
Bacterial cell walls have peptidoglycan but archael cell walls have various polysaccharides
4
Q
phospholipid tails
A
plasma membrane phospholipids of archaea are branched hydrocarbon chains but eukaryotes and bacteria are unbranched
5
Q
Archaea and eukaryotes have some similarities
A
DNA packed in histones and ribosomal activity in eukaryotes and archaea is unaffected by antibiotic activity (not the case for bacteria)
6
Q
Groups of archaea
A
methanogens, extremophiles which divides into halophiles and thermophiles
7
Q
methanogens
A
obligate anaerobes (cannot survive in O2), found in mud and guts of animals. Fixes carbon in CO2, using energy from H2 to make methane CH4
8
Q
Extremophiles
A
live in extreme environments, pH, pressure, temperatures, salt concentrations
9
Q
Halophiles
A
live in areas with high salt concentration, can be aerobic heterotrophs or anaerobic autotrophs which use bacteriorhodopsin (pigment) to carry out photosynthesis
10
Q
Thermophiles
A
live in areas of high temperatures, mostly sulfur-based chemoautotrophs
11
Q
Domain: bacteria, kingdom: monera, how does it differ from eukaryotes and archaea?
A
very old, prokaryotes. Bacterial cell walls are made with peptidoglycans (sugar polymer with amino acids), bacterial DNA is circular and naked, ribosomal activity is inhibited by antibiotics
12
Q
Bacterial features
A
metabolism, reproduction, method of mobility, shape, gram staining
13
Q
metabolism of bacteria
A
Differ in how they metabolize resources for nutrition
14
Q
reproduction of bacteria
A
reproduce via binary fission while some produce endospores (a non-reproductive structure containing the bacterial DNA)
15
Q
Method of mobility of bacteria
A
single flagella, corkscrew motion of clustered flagella and gliding through slime they produce
16
Q
Shape of bacteria
A
cocci (sphere), bacilli (rod), spirilla (spiral)
17
Q
Gram staining (positive vs negative)
A
difference in cell wall thickness and composition causes bacteria to stain differently with gram. Gram positive: thick peptidoglycan cell wall stains purple. Gram negative: thin peptidoglycan cell wall stains pink
18
Q
Groups of bacteria
A
Cyanobacteria, chemosynthetic bacteria (nitrifying bacteria), nitrogen-fixing bacteria, spirochetes
19
Q
Cyanobacteria
A
autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria that use chlorophyll A and phycobilin pigments. Certain cells have heterocysts that fix nitrogen to synthesize amino acids/nucleotides
20
Q
chemosynthetic bacteria (nitrifying bacteria)
A
autotrophic, converts nitrite NO2- to nitrate NO3-
21
Q
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
A
heterotrophic bacteria that fixes nitrogen. Many have mutualistic relationships with plants (ex. lives in nodules in plant roots)
22
Q
Spirochetes
A
coiled-shape which moves in corkscrew motion due to internal flagella
23
Q
Domain: eukarya or eukaryotes, what are the kingdoms
A
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
24
Q
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista
A
most are unicellular, may form colonies, live in aquatic environments, consists of algae-like (plant-like), animal-like (protozoa), and fungus-like
25
algae-like (plant-like)
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, autotrophic, photosynthetic, uses chlorophyll A, phyla are euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, rhodophyta (red algae) and chlorophyta (green algae)
26
euglenoids
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under algae-like (plant-like), 1 to 3 flagella at leading edge (front), have pellicles which are thin elastic protein layer that wraps around membrane to help it maintain cell shape and improve hydrodynamicity (not a cell wall), has eyespot for phototaxis, can become heterotrophic in response to light
27
dinoflagellates
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under algae-like (plant-like), has 2 flagella with one at posterior and the other at transverse, can be bioluminescent, can make neurotoxins that are damaging to humans
28
diatoms
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under algae-like (plant-like), are unicellular, have hard shells (tests) made of silica SiO2
29
Brown algae
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under algae-like (plant-like), are multicellular, giant seaweed/kelp, flagellated sperm cells
30
rhodophyta (red algae)
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under algae-like (plant-like), are multicellular, contain red pigments called phycobilins, gametes do not have flagella
31
chlorophyta (green algae)
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under algae-like (plant-like), contain chlorophyll a and b, similar to plants with cell walls made of cellulose and starch for carbohydrate storage, vary in sexuality with "isogamous" where egg and sperm are same size and "anisogamous" where egg and sperm are different sizes and "oogamous" where fertilization of immobile egg and mobile sperm
32
Charophytes
a lineage of chlorophyta (green algae) believed to be ancestor of plants
33
animal-like (protozoa)
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, heterotrophs that consume either living cells or dead matter, consists of phyla rhizopoda, foraminifera (forams), apicomplexans, ciliates
34
rhizopoda
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under animal-like (protozoa), they are amoebas which are single-celled organisms, contain pseudopodia (extensions of the cellular body) which are used for movement and phagocytosis
35
foraminifera (forams)
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under animal-like (protozoa), have shells (tests) made of calcium carbonate, are a good indicator of underlying oil deposit in ancient marine sediments
36
apicomplexans
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under animal-like (protozoa), parasites of animals without physical means of movements, characterized by apical complex which is a complex of organelles at the end of the cell, forms spores that complete its life cycle and can spend life in multiple hosts
37
ciliates
ex. paramecium, Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under animal-like (protozoa), contains cilia which are used for movement, complex cell containing specialized structures such as mouths, anal pores, contractile vacuoles (for water balance), 2 kinds of nuclei (one large and many small nuclei)
38
fungus-like
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, forms filaments or spore-bearing bodies like fungi, consists of phyla cellular slime molds, plasmodial slime molds and oomycota
39
cellular slime molds
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under fungus-like, protists form spores which germinate into amoebas that feed on bacteria, when food is limited amoebas aggregate together into a single unit and move as a slug stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP), when reproducing, individual cells mobilize to form stalk with capsule at the top, these spores are released and cycle continues
40
plasmodial slime molds
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under fungus-like, grow as single spreading mass called plasmodium, feeds on decaying vegetation. When food/water is unavailable, stalk bearing spore-capsules form and haploid spores are released. Haploid amoebas or flagellated cells fuse to make diploid cell which grows to plasmodium
41
oomycota
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: protista, under fungus-like, are either parasites or saprobes, form filaments called hyphae that secrete digestive enzymes into its environment to absorb the digested products, oomycotic hyphae lack septa (cross walls) and contain multiple nuclei within a cell (coenocyte), oomycotic cell walls are made of cellulose rather than chitin found in true fungi
42
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi
grow as filaments called hyphae that combines to form mycelium, some hyphae have septa (cross walls) that divide filaments into compartments with a single nucleus, fungi without septa are cenocytic meaning multinucleated, are heterotrophs that get nutrients by absorbing breakdown products from digestive enzymes that they secrete, are either parasites or saprobes that feed on dead decaying matter, parasitic fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria that penetrates the host, fungal cell walls are made of CHITIN!!
43
Sexual fungal reproduction
fungal normally haploid but become diploid to reproduce, occurs via plasmogamy where 2 haploid fungi fuse to form single cell with 2 haploid nuclei called dikaryon, dikaryon undergo karyogamy to fuse and form single diploid nuclei, next, fungi undergoes meiosis to make 2 new haploid cells
44
Asexual fungal reproduction
Occurs in more than one method:
1) Fragmentation - separating of hyphae into multiple separate fungi
2) Budding- pinching off an outgrowth of hyphae to make separate fungi
3) Asexual spore production - depending on the fungi, spore can be asexually made as :
i) sporangiospores in sac-like capsules called sporangia at stalks called sporangiophores
ii) condo which are not enclosed in capsules, at the ends of specialized hyphae called conidiophores
45
Types of fungi
zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, deuteromycota, lichens
46
Zygomycota
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi, no septa, sexual reproduction via zygospores
47
glomeromycota
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi, no septa, asexual reproduction, act in mycorrhizae which are symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots
48
ascomycota
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi, has septa, sexual reproduction via ascospores
49
basidiomycota
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi, has septa, sexual reproduction via basidiospores
50
deuteromycota
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi, N/A septa, sexual reproduction not yet observed, "imperfect" fungi which produce penicillin
51
Lichens
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: fungi, refer to fungi-algae relationships where the fungus provides water/protection while the algae provides sugar/fixed nitrogen
52
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: plantae
autotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes, surrounded by rigid cell wall made of cellulose and contains the pigment chlorophyll to engage in photosynthesis, varies in terms of structure, vascular system and mode of reproduction
53
Types of plantae phyla
bryophytes, lycophyta, pterophyta, coniferophyta, anthophyta
54
bryophytes
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: plantae, plant structure is non-tracheophytes, lacks vascular system (phloem/xylem), and lack the roots, stems and leaves. Must be surrounded by water due to lack of vascular system, lives in damp environments, gametes produced in specialized structures called gametangia. Ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts
55
lycophyta
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: plantae, is a tracheophyte, contains vascular system with phloem and xylem, reproduction is by bearing spores in the form of strobili, ex. club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
- true leaves: centres of photosynthesis
- true stems: provide framework of support
- true roots: absorb water and anchor plant
56
pterophyta
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: plantae, is a tracheophyte, contains true leaves, true stems and true roots. Spores are produced via meiosis of sporangia, these sporangia are produced in clusters called sori, ex. ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
57
coniferophyta
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: plantae, contain true leaves, true stems, true roots, is a tracheophyte, reproduction by producing "exposed" seeds which are not enclosed by a fruit called gymnospores, ex. pines, firs, spruces
58
anthophyta
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: plantae, contain true leaves, true stems, true roots, is a tracheophyte, reproduction is flowering plants which produce seeds enclosed in fruit called angiosperms
59
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: Animalia
heterotrophic, multicellular, mostly diploid, motile, undergo embryonic development, organisms in Animalia kingdom differ in tissue complexity, body symmetry, gastrovascular cavity, cephalization, segmentation
60
tissue complexity of Animalia kingdom
eumetazoa group has tissue layers that develop into organs, parazoa group does not have tissue layers or organs
61
body symmetry of Animalia kingdom
radial symmetry has no left or right side, only top or bottom. Bilateral symmetry can be divided to mirror image halves, has dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior sides
62
gastrovascular cavity of Animalia kingdom
One opening: has sac-like digestive cavity
Two openings: digestive tract which may be surrounded by coelom. Coelom is a body cavity that develops from mesoderm layer during embryonic development and acts as a cushion for internal organs
63
cephalization of Animalia kingdom
concentration of innervation and nervous system organs toward the anterior end of the body, common in organisms with bilateral symmetry
64
segmentation of Animalia kingdom
some organisms have segmented body parts or regions of the body that repeat
65
phyla in animalia kindgom
Porifera, cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Rotifera, Mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata (important one)
66
Porifera
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a parazoa which means no true tissues, asymmetrical body symmetry, intracellular digestion via amoebacytes, no coelom, asexual reproduction (via budding) or sexually (hermaphrodites), immobile suspension feeders that live in aquatic environments, earliest form of animals, is a protosome, ex. sponges
67
Cnidaria
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa which means true tissues, radial body symmetry, 2 way digestive tract, gastrovascular cavity acts as hydrostatic skeleton for mobility, no coelom, sexual and asexual reproduction, live in aquatic habitat with some capable of having life cycles that switch from polyp to medus forms, ex. jellyfish, anemones, coral
68
Platyhelminthes
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast which means 3 germ layers of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (inner to outer), body symmetry is bilateral with cephalization, two way digestive tract, gastrovascular cavity acts as hydrostatic skeleton for mobility, no coelom, sexual and asexual reproduction, excretory system contains flame cells which filter harmful substances from the body, live parasitic lifestyles, protosome ex. flatworms, tapeworms
69
Nematoda
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast which means 3 germ layers of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (inner to outer), bilateral body symmetry, one way digestion with alimentary canal, pseudocoelem, soil dwellers that recycle nutrients, protosome ex. roundworms
70
Rotifera
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast which means 3 germ layers of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (inner to outer), bilateral body symmetry, one way digestion with alimentary canal, pseudocoelem, sexual reproduction or parthenogenetically, live in freshwater and draw food/water into system using cilia, have flame cells which also have cilia to filter substances, not trust segmented, protosome
71
Mollusca
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast, bilateral body symmetry, one way digestion using a radula which is a structure of tiny teeth for scraping food particles, coelomate which means it has coelom, sexual and asexual reproduction, has gill for respiration, live on land or aquatic habitats, has mantle which is thin layer of tissue that secretes calcium carbonate to build shells, protosome, ex. snails
72
annelida
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast, bilateral body symmetry, one way digestion with alimentary canal, coelomate, sexual and asexual reproduction, longitudinal and circular muscles, segmented bodies, protosome, ex.earthworm, leech
73
arthropoda
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast, bilateral body symmetry, one way digestion (some have salivary glands), coelomate, has exoskeleton and jointed appendages, most diverse phylum, protosome, ex. spiders, insects
74
Echinodermata
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast, bilateral body symmetry during larval stage, radial symmetry during adulthood, complete digestive system with mouth and anus, coelomate, sexual and asexual reproduction, deuterosome, has water vascular system with central disk and tube feet, most similar phylum to chordata, ex. starfish, sea urchins
75
Chordata
Domain: eukaryotes, kingdom: animalia, is a eumetazoa, also a triploblast, bilateral body symmetry, one way digestive tract, coelomate, sexual reproduction, deuterosome, chordates further classified as:
- invertebrate chordates which lack vertebrae, ex. lancelets and tunicates
- vertebrate chordates which have vertebrae, ex. sharks, fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals
76
Phyla of animalia are all ______ except _______ and _______which are _________
Phyla of animalia are protostomes except Echinodermata and Chordata which are deuterosomes
77
some _______ excrete ________whereas mammals secrete ____________
some vertebrates such as birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, whereas mammals excrete urea
78
Chordata embryonic development
notochord- functions as support and organization in development, becomes part of the vertebral column (bone) as well as muscles of the axial skeleton
dorsal hollow nerve cord- embryonic structure that eventually becomes spinal cord and brain
pharyngeal gill slits - eventually becomes gills, pharynx, or other feeding mechanisms
muscular tail- can be lost during embryonic development
