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Blood (Lecture 15) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

transportation, regulation, defense

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2
Q

What does blood transport?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products

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3
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

body pH and fluid levels, absorbs heat and distributes it throughout the body

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4
Q

What organ helps to regulate pH levels?

A

kidneys

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5
Q

What does the blood defend against?

A

infection

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6
Q

What does the blood do in the area of defense?

A

transport infection-fighting antibodies and forms blood clots

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7
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

mostly water which has a high capacity to retain heat

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8
Q

What part of the blood defends?

A

mostly WBCs

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9
Q

What percent of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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10
Q

What percent of the blood is RBCs?

A

44%

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11
Q

What percent of blood is the Buffy coat?

A

<1%

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12
Q

What is the Buffy coat?

A

WBCs and platelets

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13
Q

What does albumin do?

A

carries certain hormones

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14
Q

What does globulins do?

A

pretty much antibodies; protects against infections

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15
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

helps with blood clots

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16
Q

What are regulatory proteins?

A

some are proteins

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17
Q

What are the proteins of the plasma?

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins

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18
Q

What are RBCs filled with?

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs

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20
Q

What is the shape of RBCs?

A

biconcave discs

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21
Q

Why are RBCs biconcave discs?

A

allows gases to be loaded on both sides and unloaded efficiently

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22
Q

What eats the nucleus of the RBCs?

A

WBCs

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23
Q

What does actin do in the formation of RBCs?

A

separates the nucleus from the cell

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24
Q

What can RBCs do?

A

line up in single file and bend as they pass through small vessels

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25
Where are RBCs formed?
red bone marrow
26
How long do RBCs circulate/live?
120 days or 4 months
27
Where are aged RBCs disposed of?
liver, spleen, bone marrow
28
What does the spleen do with RBCs?
gets rid of them but also stores them
29
What is mono?
an enlargement of the spleen
30
Are old parts of erythrocytes broken down and reused in new RBCs?
yes
31
What is polycythemia?
too many RBCs in the blood
32
What does polycythemia do?
increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart
33
What is anemia?
low levels of erythrocytes or hemoglobin
34
What happens when the blood doesn't have enough RBCs?
not able to transport enough oxygen
35
What happens when the blood doesn't have enough hemoglobin?
not able to grab onto oxygen
36
What does hemoglobin do?
allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be carried by RBCs
37
What is sickle cell anemia?
too few RBCs because a lot of them are sickling
38
What happens when a cell is sickled?
it's not able to carry things because it is sticking to itself
39
What shape are WBCs?
spherical
40
What are leukocytes?
WBCs
41
What do WBCs do?
initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens
42
What is diapedesis?
WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
43
What is chemotaxis?
WBCs are attracted to the set of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
44
What are the two major types of leukocytes?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
45
What are the types of granulocytes?
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
46
What do neutrophils do?
phagocytizes pathogens
47
What is the most abundant type of granulocyte?
neutrophils
48
What do eosinophils do?
destroys parasites; important in allergies
49
Why do basophils do?
promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
50
What do the granulocytes end in?
phil
51
What do the agranulocytes end in?
cyte
52
What are the types of agranulocytes?
monocyte and lymphocyte
53
What do monocytes do?
phagocytizes pathogens and debris
54
what do monocytes become?
macrophage
55
Where do lymphocytes reside?
lymphatic tissue
56
What do lymphocytes do?
coordinates the immune response
57
What cells are lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
58
What are T cells?
from the thymus (I think)
59
What are B cells?
from the bone
60
What do natural killer cells do?
kill something if it's not normal
61
What cells need previous exposure in order to fight it?
T cells and B cells
62
What is leukocytosis?
high WBC count
63
What causes leukocytosis?
infection, inflammation, or extreme stress
64
What is leukopenia?
low WBC count
65
What causes leukocytosis?
certain types of viral or bacterial infections
66
What is leukemia?
cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow
67
What happens when you have leukemia?
proliferation of non functional leukocytes; cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of RBCs and platelets, causing anemia and bleeding
68
What are platelets?
cell fragments of megakaryocytes
69
How long do platelets live?
8-10 days
70
What do platelets do?
assist in blood clotting
71
How many platelets does one megakaryocyte make?
thousands
72
What is thrombocytosis?
high platelet count; body wants to clot everything
73
What causes thrombocytosis?
disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection
74
What is thrombocytopenia?
low platelet count
75
What causes thrombocytopenia?
damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen
76
What is petechiae?
bleeding inside the skin that looks like a rash or acne but isn't raised
77
What determines blood type?
surface antigens
78
What is hematopoiesis?
the production of blood
79
What is erythropoiesis?
the production of RBCs
80
What is thrombopoiesis?
the production of platelets
81
What is leukopoiesis?
the production of WBCs
82
Where does hematopoiesis happen?
red bone marrow
83
What controls RBC production?
erythropoietin made in the kidney
84
What does erythropoietin do?
stimulates red bone marrow to create erythrocytes

Anatomy (22 decks)

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