Lecture 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the plasma membrane made of?
A
lipid bylayer
2
Q
What is the plasma membrane?
A
all around the outside of the cell
3
Q
What is the cytoplasm?
A
everything inside the plasma membrane
4
Q
What is the cytosol?
A
Kelly stuff between the organelles
5
Q
What are organelles?
A
the structures inside a cell
6
Q
What is the nucleus?
A
the brain of the cell
7
Q
What is chromatin?
A
DNA and associated proteins
8
Q
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
A
protein synthesis
9
Q
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
A
lipid synthesis
10
Q
What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A
rough EPR has ribosomes on it
11
Q
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
A
helps transporting things from the endoplasmic reticulum
12
Q
What is a Golgi vesicle?
A
a vessel that has broken off of the Golgi apparatus to transport something
13
Q
What is a peroxisome?
A
a membrane bound organelle that contains mostly enzymes; performs lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification
14
Q
What is a lysosome?
A
contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components like a damaged organelle
15
Q
What is microfilament?
A
cytoskeleton mostly in muscular cells; helps with muscle contraction
16
Q
What is a centrosome?
A
the motor of cell division
17
Q
What is the mitochondria?
A
the powerhouse of the cell
18
Q
What is a ribosome?
A
the site of protein synthesis
19
Q
What are the four types of tissue?
A
nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective
20
Q
What is the first characteristic of epithelial tissue?
A
highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix
21
Q
What is the second characteristic of epithelial tissue?
A
polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface
22
Q
What is the third characteristic of epithelial tissue?
A
attachment to a basement membrane
23
Q
What is the fourth characteristic of epithelial tissue?
A
avascular; blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue
24
Q
What is the fifth characteristic of epithelial tissue?
A
regeneration; high regenerative capacity
25
What is the basement membrane?
in-between two types of tissue; eg. epithelial tissue and connective tissue like the skin
26
What is the apical surface?
the top of epithelial tissue; outside of the skin or the very inside of an organ
27
What is the basal surface?
the bottom of the epithelial tissue
28
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
physical protection, selective permeability, secretion
29
What are the three types of intercellular junctions?
tight junctions, gap junctions, anchoring junctions
30
What do tight junctions do?
don't let anything through from other cells
31
What do gap junctions do?
allows small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells; allow electrical and metabolic coupling of adjacent cells
32
What do anchoring junctions do?
holds the cell to something
33
What type of junctions are desmosomes?
anchoring
34
What type of junctions are adherens?
anchoring
35
What type of junctions are hemidesmosomes?
anchoring
36
What do hemidesmosomes do?
makes the cells not pull apart from the basement membrane
37
What do desmosomes do?
keep cells together
38
What do adherens do?
can do what hemidesmosomes or desmosomes do but they have actin in them
39
What are the types of simple epithelia?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
40
What are the types of stratified epithelia?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
41
What is the odd one out of epithelia?
pseudostratified
42
What shape are squamous epithelia cells?
flat
43
What shape are cuboidal epithelia cells?
cube like
44
What shape are columnar epithelia cells?
column/cylindrical like
45
What do pseudostratified epithelia cells look like?
looks like it's stratified but it's not; nucleus in different places
46
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
diffusion and filtration
47
Where are simple squamous epithelium located?
lung air sacs (alveoli), lining of blood vessels, serous membranes
48
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?
absorption and secretion
49
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?
kidney tubules, glands
50
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
absorption, secretion, movement (if ciliated)
51
Where are simple columnar epithelium located?
lining of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (non-ciliated); lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)
52
What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
protection, movement (if ciliated)
53
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
lining of respiratory tract
54
What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection
55
Where are stratified squamous epithelium cells located?
epidermis of skin, lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina
56
What are the functions of transitional epithelium?
distention and relaxation of urinary structures
57
Where is transitional epithelium located?
lining of ureters, bladder, and erethra
58
What is the only system that transitional epithelium are found in?
urinary system
59
What is cilia used for?
moves stuff around the cell
60
What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
exocrine and endocrine
61
What are exocrine glands?
secrete products onto an epithelial surface
62
What are the two types of glands that are mostly exocrine
simple alveolar (acinar) and simple branched alveolar (sebaceous/oil glands)
63
What are endocrine glands?
secrete hormones; ductless, secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream, form the endocrine system
64
What are the more endocrine glandular epithelium?
simple tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple branched tubular
65
Where are simple tubular glands found?
intestinal glands
66
Where are simple oiled tubular glands found?
merocrine sweat glands
67
Where are simple branched tubular glands found?
gastric glands and mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum
68
What are the three types of secretion?
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
69
What is merocrine secretion?
secretion through the vesicle; tears and sweat
70
What is apocrine secretion?
part of the cell pinches off and that part is the secretion; cell stays alive; breast milk
71
What is holocrine secretion?
mature cell dies and becomes secretory product; explodes; digestion
72
What are the functions of connective tissue?
physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport (blood), immune protection
73
What are the three types of tissues that come from mesenchyme?
connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue
74
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue
75
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
areolar, adipose, reticular
76
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
regular, irregular, elastic
77
What are the types of supporting connective tissue?
cartilage (semisolid matrix) and bone (solid matrix)
78
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
79
What are the two types of bone?
compact and spongy
80
What is fluid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
81
What is a blast?
immature cell
82
What is a cyte?
mature cell
83
What is a plast?
dead/dying cell
84
What does areolar tissue do?
surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues
85
Where is areolar tissue found?
subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin
86
What is the structure of areolar tissue?
fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance
87
What is the function of adipose tissue?
stores energy, protects, cushions, insulates
88
What is the structure of adipose tissue?
adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix
89
Where is adipose tissue located?
surround organs, subcutaneous tissue; fat
90
What is the function of reticular tissue?
provides supportive framework
91
What is the structure of reticular tissue?
white blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance
92
Where is reticular tissue found?
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
93
What is the structure of dense regular connective tissue?
dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance
94
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
resists stress in one direction
95
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
tendons, ligaments
96
What is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue?
collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance
97
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
resists stresses in all directions
98
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
dermis of skin, organ capsules
99
What is the structure of dense elastic tissue?
dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts
100
What is the function of dense elastic tissue?
allows stretching
101
Where is dense elastic tissue found?
walls of large arteries and airways
102
What is the structure of cartilage?
semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes
103
What is the function of cartilage?
provides support and flexibility, absorbs compression
104
Where is cartilage found?
ends of long bones, trachea, intervertebral discs, external ear
105
What is the structure of bone?
calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes
106
What is the function of bone?
protection, support, movement (with muscular system), stores calcium
107
Are red or white blood cells bigger?
red blood cells
108
What is the structure of fluid connective tissue?
contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water-based ground substance called plasma
109
What is the function of fluid connective tissue?
transports gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste, participates in immune response and blood clotting
110
Where is fluid connective tissue found?
blood vessels and heart
111
What is scurvy?
nutritional disorder caused by vitamin C deficiency
112
What are the symptoms of scurvy?
weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa; wounds and fractures don't heal well
113
Why does scurvy happen?
normal collagen fibers cannot form
114
What is Marfan syndrome?
genetic disease where there are abnormalities in fibrillar, a protein that builds elastic fibers
115
What happens to people with Marfan syndrome?
tall and thin with long legs, arms, fingers, and toes; typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness
116
What happens when you have Marfan syndrome?
causes skeletal, cardio, vision, and connective tissue abnormalities
117
How is gangrene formed?
caused by lack of blood flow that may be due to mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes
118
What does gangrene commonly affect?
limbs, fingers, toes
