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Anatomy > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

ganglion and nerve; anything leaving the brain or spinal cord

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3
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What is afferent information?

A

special senses, somatic senses, visceral senses

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6
Q

Where does afferent information go?

A

sent to the CNS

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7
Q

What are the special senses?

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance/equilibrium

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8
Q

What are the somatic senses?

A

information from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What are the visceral senses?

A

information from internal organs and blood vessels

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10
Q

What is efferent information?

A

CNS tells muscles or glands what to do

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11
Q

Where does efferent information go?

A

away from the CNS

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12
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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14
Q

What are neurons?

A

excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses

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15
Q

What are glial cells?

A

non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

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16
Q

What are dendrites?

A

stick out from the cell body

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17
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

carry signal toward cell body

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18
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

where the plasma membrane comes together to create the axon

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19
Q

What is the axon?

A

long end of the cell

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20
Q

What does the axon do?

A

carry signals away from the cell body

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21
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

covers the axon

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22
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

helps speed up the signal between cells

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23
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

where the axon connects to another cell

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24
Q

What is a node of ranvier?

A

space between myelin where it’s just the axon

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25
What are the neuron classifications?
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
26
What is a unipolar neuron?
only one process coming from the cell body
27
What is a bipolar neuron?
has two processes coming from the cell body
28
What is a multipolar neuron?
more than two processes coming from the cell body
29
What is a unipolar neuron used for?
afferent info, sensory neurons
30
What is a bipolar neuron used for?
afferent info, special senses
31
What is the least abundant neuron classification?
bipolar
32
What is the most abundant neuron classification?
multipolar
33
What is a multipolar neuron used for?
efferent info, most CNS neurons, motor neurons
34
What are synapses?
sites where neurons communicate with other neurons, muscle, or glands
35
What way does communication go in neurons?
one direction
36
How many different glial cells are in the CNS?
four
37
What are the four glial cells of the CNS?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells
38
What are astrocytes?
look like a star, in the CNS
39
What do astrocytes do?
control ionic environment, induce formation of the blood-brain barrier
40
What do oligodendrocytes do?
form myelin sheaths in CNS
41
What are oligodendrocytes?
connect to the axon by producing the myelin sheath
42
What are microglial cells?
small cells in between neurons
43
What do microglial cells do?
clean up debris and fight infection
44
What are ependymal cells?
line brain internal cavities (ventricles)
45
How many glial cells are part of the PNS?
two
46
What are the glial cells of the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
47
What are Schwann cells?
wraps around the axon and produces myelin in a spiral
48
What are satellite cells?
surround the cell body
49
What do satellite cells do?
protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia
50
What is the structure of myelin?
white, fatty citing around axons
51
What is the function of myelin?
supports and protects and insulates axon, increases conduction speed of electrical signals in axons
52
What does gray matter contain?
neuron cell bodies and dendrites, doesn't have myelin
53
What does white matter contain?
neuron axons and myelin sheaths
54
What side are sensory neurons on?
posterior
55
What side are motor neurons on?
anterior
56
What are nerves?
cable-like bundles of axons in the PNS
57
What is the endoneurium?
wraps individual axons
58
What is the perineurium?
wraps axon fascicles
59
What is the epineurium?
wraps entire nerves
60
What is the primary afferent neuron?
senses the stimuli and sends it to a secondary afferent neuron in the spinal cord
61
What is the secondary afferent neuron?
in the spinal cord, gets info from a primary afferent neuron and sends it to the tertiary afferent neuron in the brain
62
What is the tertiary afferent neuron?
in the brain, gets info from a secondary afferent neuron and sends it to a neuron in the sensory cortex
63
What is an interneuron?
get info from an afferent neuron and sends it to an efferent neuron
64
What is multiple sclerosis?
patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed, body attacks oligodendrocytes
65
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
blindness, weakness (efferent), numbness (afferent)
66
What is Alzheimer's disease?
progressive degenerative disease of the brain
67
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
memory loss, depression, disorientation
68
What disease is associated with abnormal protein aggregates?
alzheimer's disease
69
What does Alzheimer's disease do?
disrupts signaling in CNS

Anatomy (22 decks)

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