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Anatomy > The Upper Digestive System (Lecture 20) > Flashcards

The Upper Digestive System (Lecture 20) Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the GI tract?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

What does GI stand for?

A

gastrointestinal

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3
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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4
Q

What is ingestion?

A

bringing food in

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5
Q

What is propulsion?

A

food going through the GI tract

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6
Q

What are the two types of propulsion?

A

swallowing and peristalsis

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7
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

contraction of the tube of the GI tract to move food; pushing tooth paste out from the bottom

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8
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

breaking food up

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9
Q

What are the kinds of mechanical digestion?

A

chewing, churning, segmentation

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10
Q

Where does churning happen?

A

the stomach

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11
Q

What is segmentation?

A

movement of smooth muscle in the small intestine; cap toothpaste and mix it up

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12
Q

What is absorption?

A

bringing food particles into the blood

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13
Q

Where does most of absorption happen?

A

small intestine

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14
Q

What does the small intestine absorb?

A

nutrients and water to blood vessels and lymph vessels

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15
Q

What does the large intestine absorb?

A

water to blood vessels

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16
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

condenses stuff we can’t absorb

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17
Q

What is defecation?

A

pooping

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18
Q

What is the lumen?

A

the space in the GI tract

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19
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

epithelial lining closest to the lumen

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20
Q

What does the mucosa do?

A

performs secretion and absorption

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21
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

vascularized and innervated connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

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23
Q

What is the serosa?

A

visceral peritoneum

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24
Q

What is the histology of the small intestine?

A

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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25
What is the serosa also known as?
adventitia
26
What are the lips and oral cavity lined with?
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
27
What is the first site of mechanical and chemical digestion?
oral cavity
28
What is the body of the tongue?
unattached part
29
What is the root of the tongue?
attached part close to the epiglottis
30
What is the apex of the tongue?
the very top
31
What controls the salivary glands?
ANS
32
What does a parasympathetic response secrete from salivary glands?
watery solution
33
What causes parasympathetic response of the salivary glands?
smell of favorite food
34
What does a sympathetic response secrete from salivary glands?
thick saliva
35
What causes a sympathetic response of the salivary glands?
nervousness
36
What gland produces the most saliva?
submandibular gland
37
How much saliva does the submandibular gland produce?
60-70%
38
How much saliva does the parotid gland produce?
25-30%
39
How much saliva does the sublingual gland produce?
3-5%
40
How much saliva is produced per day?
1.5 L
41
What does saliva do?
wets and binds food into a bolus, cleans and lubricates oral cavity, kills harmful microorganisms
42
What do enzymes in saliva do?
begin digestion of starch
43
How many primary teeth do we have?
20
44
How many permanent teeth do we have?
32
45
What numbers of teeth are considered the wisdom teeth?
1,16,17,32
46
What is the hardest substance of the body?
enamel
47
What are the regions of the teeth?
crown, neck, root
48
What substance is in each region of the tooth?
dentin
49
What does the root canal house?
connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels
50
What does cementum do?
helps bind root of teeth to the bone
51
What is the nasopharynx lined with?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
52
What is the oropharynx and laryngopharyns lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
53
What is the pharynx known as?
the throat
54
What structures do food and air go through?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
55
What is deglutition?
swallowing
56
What happens during the voluntary phase of deglutition?
bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard palate and moves toward oropharynx
57
Where does the voluntary phase of deglutition happen?
oral cavity
58
What is the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx, larynx and hyoid elevate and the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening
59
What happens during the esophageal phase of deglutition?
peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the bolus toward the stomach
60
What is the esophagus lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
61
What happens in the esophagus?
peristalsis
62
What is the esophagus?
a muscular tube
63
What type of muscle does the upper one-third of the esophagus have?
skeletal muscle
64
What type of muscle does the middle one-third of the esophagus have?
skeletal and smooth muscle
65
What type of muscle does the lower one-third of the esophagus have?
smooth muscle
66
What does the superior esophageal sphincter do?
closes to prevent air from getting into the GI tract
67
What does the inferior esophageal sphincter do?
closes to prevent acidic food from coming back up
68
What is the esophageal hiatus?
an opening in the diaphragm
69
What is reflux esophagitis?
acidic contents regurgitate into the esophagus
70
How long does the stomach store food?
3-4 hours
71
What are the functions of the stomach?
stores food, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, limited absorption
72
What does the stomach do in mechanical digestion?
churns food with gastric juice
73
What does the stomach do in chemical digestion?
initiates protein digestion
74
What starts protein digestion?
pepsin
75
How many layers of muscle does the stomach have?
three
76
What are the rugae of the stomach?
folds in the stomach
77
What do the rugae of the stomach do?
increase surface area
78
What are peptic ulcers?
an erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa
79
What is a perforating ulcer?
an erosion through the entire wall
80
What is the stomach lined with?
simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits and gastric glands
81
What do surface mucous cells do?
secrete mucin to protect the stomach wall
82
What do parietal cells do?
secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
83
What do chief cells do?
secrete pepsinogen
84
What is pepsinogen?
inactive form of pepsin
85
What does pepsinogen do?
turns into pepsin in an acidic environment
86
What do enteroendocrine cells do?
secrete gastrin into the bloodstream
87
What does gastrin do?
stimulates parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid and chief cells to produce pepsinogen and stimulates smooth muscle

Anatomy (22 decks)

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