Breast & Axilla TEST 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is Thelarche?
Onset of breast development; first sign of puberty in females.
How do you inspect female breasts during exam?
Inspect for size, symmetry, contour, retractions, dimpling, skin color/texture, venous patterns, lesions, supernumerary nipples.
How is breast palpation performed?
Patient supine; use light, medium, and deep pressure in all quadrants including Tail of Spence.
What is the Tail of Spence?
Upper outer quadrant of the breast extending into the axilla; common site for breast cancer.
What questions should be asked in breast history?
Pain, timing of symptoms, family history, nipple discharge, medications, binding practices.
How do breasts change in older adults?
Elongation, flattening, smaller nipples, fine granular tissue.
What are common breast symptoms in pregnancy?
Tenderness, colostrum, striae, enlarged nipples, nodularity.
What breast conditions are common in infants and adolescents?
Gynecomastia in boys; asymmetry and budding in girls; maternal estrogen effects in newborns.
What are fibrocystic changes?
Benign fluid-filled cysts from ductal enlargement.
What is fibroadenoma?
Benign tumor from a single ductal unit; composed of stromal and epithelial cells.
What is Paget disease of the breast?
Surface manifestation of underlying ductal carcinoma, looks similar to eczema of the nipple.
What is Peau d’orange?
Skin dimpling looks like orange peel, seen in inflammatory breast cancer, obesity, lymphedema, and infection. Always assume breast cancer until proven otherwise.
What is duct ectasia?
Benign dilation of subareolar ducts causing nipple discharge.
What are the Tanner Stages?
Stage 1: Preadoslecent, Stage 2: breast budding, Stage 3: Continued enlargement, Stage 4: Areola and papilla form secondary mound, Stage 5: Mature female breasts
What are supernumerary nipples, where do you find them?
Relatively common additional nipple, usually small and appears like a small lump are not always recognized as additional nipples. Occur along the milk line.
What are the breast inspection patient positions?
Inspection: seated arms at sides, full expsure waist up; arms over head or flexed behind the neck; hands pressed on hips with shoulders rounded forward; seated leaning over; recumbent (palpation)
What are the breast characteristics that are indicative of malignancy?
Nipple inversion (if new/unilateral, some women have this bilaterally as normal anatomy), dimpling, nipple changes or discharge (be sure to note the characteristics of the discharge), changes in shape or size, swelling/redness/heat/tenderness!! Unless patient is lactating then, could be mastitis.
During a breast exam, where do you palpate for lymph nodes?
Axilla, supraclavicular (always alarming), there are nodes intercostally but should never be palpable.
Causes of gynecomastia in men and adolescent boys? What should you warn boys about?
Men: endocrine disorders, low testosterone, high estrogen (like in morbid obesity). Boys: labile hormones of puberty. Warn boys not to over stimulate nipples as it can cause milk like discharge.
What is monilial dermatitis?
Candida infection under the breasts
What is accessory breast tissue?
Breast tissue that remained in the axilla during fetal development. Not inherently dangerous, but can be uncomfortable expecially during lactation.
What is fat necrosis?
Benign condition where fat cells in the breast become necrotic secondary to lack of blood flow. May be caused by surgery, radiation or trauma.
What is intraductal papilloma or papillomatosis?
A benign growth on the milk ducts (wart like), many becomes papillomoatosis.
What is galactorrhea
Milk production when NOT pregnant or breast feeding.
