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Neuro TEST 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bell Palsy

A

Unilateral facial weakness; Diagnosed clinically, may use imaging to rule out stroke

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2
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Static motor/postural disorder from early brain damage; Diagnosed by history and developmental delay

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3
Q

Cranial Nerve I (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Smell | Type: Sensory | Olfactory Test smell using familiar scents one nare at a time. Rule out nasal obstruction.

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4
Q

Cranial Nerve II (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Vision | Type: Sensory | Optic Test: opthalmic exam, test visual acuity, test fields by confrontation and extinction of vision.

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5
Q

Cranial Nerve III (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Eye movement, pupil constriction | Type: Motor | Oculomotor. Tested with nerves IV & VI Test: eyelids for drooping, PERRLA, accommodation, extra ocular eye movements

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve IV (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Eye movement (superior oblique) | Type: Motor | Trochlear Tested with III & VI Test: eyelids for drooping, PERRLA, accommodation, extra ocular eye movements

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7
Q

Cranial Nerve IX (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Taste, swallowing | Type: Both | Glossopharyngeal Test taste (sour & bitter), gag reflex & swallow

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8
Q

Cranial Nerve V (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Facial sensation, chewing | Type: Both | Trigeminal Test facial sensation (sharp, dull, and light. Only test temperature if other sensory is absent), jaw muscle palpation, corneal reflex

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve VI (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Eye movement (lateral rectus) | Type: Motor | Abducens Tested with III & IV Test: eyelids for drooping, PERRLA, accommodation

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10
Q

Cranial Nerve VII (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Facial expression, taste | Type: Both | Facial Test facial symmetry, expressions, sweet & salt.

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11
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Hearing, balance | Type: Sensory | Vestibulocochlear Test hearing (whisper, weber, rinne). Balance Romberg

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12
Q

Cranial Nerve X (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Autonomic control of viscera, speech, swallowing | Type: Both | Vagus Test: swallowing, palate & uvula for symmetry, gag, swallowing difficulty, guttural sounds

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13
Q

Cranial Nerve XI (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Shoulder and neck muscles (trapezius, SCM) | Type: Motor | Spinal Accessory Test shoulder shrug and head rotation (trapezius & sternocleidomasoid)

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14
Q

Cranial Nerve XII (Function, Type, Name, Test)

A

Function: Tongue movement | Type: Motor | Hypoglossal Test tongue movement, symmetry and strength, lingual speech sounds

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15
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex Grading

A

0: No response
1+: Sluggish or diminished
2+: Expected response
3+: Brisk, slightly hyperactive
4+: Hyperactive, intermittent or transient clonus

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16
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Achilles (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Foot flexion | Spinal Level: S1-S2

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17
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Biceps (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Elbow flexion | Spinal Level: C5-C6

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18
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Brachioradialis (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Forearm pronation and elbow flexion | Spinal Level: C5-C6

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19
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Clonus (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Rhythmic oscillation of the ankle | Sign of UMN disease

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20
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Patellar (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Lower leg extension | Spinal Level: L2-L4

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21
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Plantar (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Stroking foot for flexion | Spinal Level: S1-S2

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22
Q

Deep Tendon Reflex: Triceps (Test, Spinal Level)

A

Test: Elbow extension | Spinal Level: C6-C8

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23
Q

Mania

A

Elevated or irritable mood lasting more than a week

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24
Q

Encephalitis

A

Acute brain/spinal cord inflammation; Diagnosed via lumbar puncture, imaging, clinical signs

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25
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Postinfectious paralysis; Diagnosed by clinical progression, EMG, lumbar puncture
26
How is cerebral function assessed?
Appearance, behavior, emotion, LOC, memory, orientation
27
How is coordination and fine motor function tested?
Rapid alternating movements, finger-to-nose, finger-to-finger, heel-to-shin
28
How is emotional stability evaluated?
Mood, thought content, hallucinations
29
How is primary sensory function tested?
Superficial touch/pain, vibration, position sense
30
How is protective sensation tested?
Using 5.07 monofilament on feet in diabetic patients
31
Intracranial Tumor
Abnormal growth in cranial cavity; Identified with neuroimaging and symptoms
32
Meningitis
Inflammation of brain/spinal cord; Test: Kernig, Brudzinski, lumbar puncture
33
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune demyelination disorder; Diagnosed via MRI, lumbar puncture, and neurological signs
34
Myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder; Test: ACh receptor antibodies, EMG
35
Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida)
Congenital spinal defect; Diagnosed at birth or via prenatal imaging
36
Name one common screening tool for adult cognition.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
37
Name stroke risk factors.
HTN, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, drugs, smoking, stress
38
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Dilated ventricles with normal pressure; Symptoms: gait, incontinence, dementia; Confirmed via lumbar drainage
39
Parkinson Disease
Progressive motor disorder; Diagnosed clinically and with response to dopamine meds
40
Peripheral Neuropathy
Motor/sensory nerve loss; Identified by clinical exam, EMG, lab tests
41
Post-Polio Syndrome
Late reappearance of polio symptoms; Diagnosed by exclusion and patient history
42
Pseudotumor Cerebri
Increased intracranial pressure without mass; Diagnosed via lumbar puncture, imaging
43
Seizure Disorder (Epilepsy)
Recurrent seizures from brain abnormality; Diagnosed by EEG and clinical history
44
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Brain injury from violent shaking; Diagnosed by imaging and retinal hemorrhage
45
Stroke (CVA)
Interruption of brain blood flow or hemorrhage; Diagnosed via CT, MRI, neuro exam
46
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Sharp pain along CN V branches; Diagnosis is clinical
47
What are common signs of traumatic brain injury?
Dazed look, slurred speech, slow responses, nausea
48
What are examples of deep tendon reflexes?
Biceps, triceps, patellar, Achilles
49
What are examples of static neurological problems?
Nerve deafness, trauma
50
What are key components of the Mental Status Exam?
Appearance, behavior, cognitive abilities, emotional stability, speech/language
51
What are risk factors for falls in older adults?
Stroke, neuro conditions, impaired vision, assistive device use
52
What are signs of abnormal thought content?
Delusions, hallucinations, incoherent or irrelevant ideas
53
What are signs of cerebellar dysfunction?
Tremors, tics, fasciculations, poor coordination or balance
54
What are the purposes of the neurological exam?
Identify nervous system malfunction, localize lesions, evaluate rehabilitation potential
55
What behavior may suggest poor emotional stability?
Slumped posture, poor eye contact, irritability
56
What can abnormal gait be associated with?
Arthritis, stroke, seizures, meds like phenytoin and lithium, parkinsons
57
What characterizes ADHD?
Impaired attention and hyperactivity
58
What characterizes degenerative neurological problems?
Progressive loss of function
59
What cognitive abilities change in older adults?
Speed of information processing and psychomotor speed begins declining after 30. Verbal ability and knowledge increase into the 60s and remain stable into the 80s. Older people should have intact cognitive function, but ability declines.
60
61
What disorders can tremor be linked to?
Hyperthyroidism, MS, liver/kidney disease, familial tremor, parkinsons
62
What distinguishes delirium from dementia?
Delirium is acute onset; dementia is progressive
63
What does FAST stand for in stroke assessment?
Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time to call EMS
64
What does Tinel sign test for?
Tingling over median nerve; suggests carpal tunnel syndrome
65
What does tactile agnosia suggest?
Parietal lobe lesion
66
What does the Mini-Cog test include?
3 unrelated words and clock drawing
67
What does the Romberg test assess?
Balance, observing a person's ability to stand with feet together, first with eyes open and then closed. A positive Romberg test indicates a loss of balance when eyes are closed, suggesting a problem with proprioception (position sense), vestibular (inner ear) function, or vision.
68
What does the limbic system mediate?
Patterns of behavior related to survival
69
What history is important for disorientation/confusion?
Onset, associated health issues/symptoms, medications
70
What infant signs suggest neurologic issues?
Hypotonia, hypertonia, congenital anomalies, delayed development
71
What is a key feature of schizophrenia?
Persistent psychosis with relapses
72
What is a positive Brudzinski sign?
Involuntary hip/knee flexion with neck flexion
73
What is a positive Kernig sign?
Pain/resistance when extending the knee with the hip flexed
74
What is automatism in seizures?
Involuntary actions like eyelid fluttering, chewing, lip smacking
75
What is graphesthesia?
Ability to identify letters/numbers drawn on the skin
76
What is stereognosis?
Ability to identify objects by touch | Identification of familiar object by touch
77
What is the Ages and Stages Questionnaire used for?
Developmental screening (4 to 60 months)
78
What is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale used for?
Screening postpartum depression
79
What is the extinction phenomenon?
Failure to perceive simultaneous bilateral touch
80
What role does the reticular activating system play?
Regulates wakefulness or arousal
81
What symptoms are assessed for neuro pain?
Onset, quality, location, manifestations, treatment
82
What tests assess balance and equilibrium?
Romberg test, standing on one foot, heel-toe walking
83
What tool screens for pediatric developmental issues (0-8 years)?
Pediatric Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS)
84
When are all brain neurons present in humans?
At birth
85
When do Achilles and brachioradial reflexes appear in infants?
At 6 months
86
When do patellar reflexes appear in infants?
At birth
87
When is autism typically identified?
Before age 3, want to start supportive therapy as soon as possible
88
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for mental status?
Cerebrum
89
Which primitive reflexes are checked in infants?
Palmar grasp, plantar grasp, Moro, placing, stepping, asymmetric tonic neck
90
Agnosia Definition and brain area
Inability to recognize or objects, sounds, or smells despite intact sensory function. Visual Occipital lobe, auditory temporal lobe (lateral and superior portion), tactile pariatle lobe, proprioception parietal lobe (posteroinferior regions)
91
Apraxia
Inability to perform purposeful movements or tasks even though physical ability and desire are intact (e.g., can't wave goodbye on command). Parietal or frontal lobes (motor planning areas)
92
Aphasia Definition and brain area
Impairment in language ability (speaking, understanding, reading, writing) due to brain damage, usually in the left hemisphere. Broca's area/inferior posteral frontal (expressive), Wernicke's area/temporal (receptive), Parietal-Occipital (Visual Receptive), Posterior frontal (Expressive writing)
93
Parkinson's Disease What it is, early symptom, and common symptoms
Progressive, degernative neurologic disorder where motor function is primarily affected along with behavioral and cognative problems. Early sign = Pill rolling. Sx: tremors, stooped posture, short steps with suffling gait, drooling, difficulty swallowing, monotonous speech, dementia, complaints of feeling "wooden" paresthesias.
94
What would you suspect with a complaint of moderate to severe headache in the morning with vomiting?
Brain tumor
95
What does cranial nerve III palsy present with? What causes it?
Paralysis of most of the eye muscles, eye will look down and out. Caused by aneurysms, or vascular change (DM or HTN).
96
Match the age group with the associated mental status characteristic: -Children, Adolescent or Older Adult -Greater capacity for vocabulary development -Brain development continues with myelinization of nerve cells -Decline in ability to plan, organize, and manage activity
Greater capacity for development: Adolescent Brain myelinization: Children Decline in ability: Older adult.
97
Which mental health condition is associated with beta-blockers?
Depression
98
What is Echolalia?
The repetition of another persons words, is a psychiatric disorder
99
What is circumlocution?
Word substitution to avoid revealing that a word was forgotten.
100
What are neologisms?
When an aphasic person makes up words that have no meaning to anyone else.
101
Which psychological assessment tool is bets for adults with low literacy?
Montreal Cognitive Assessment Tool
102
103
What is the Mini-Cog assessment tool used for?
Detect probable dementia
104
What is the Mini Mental State Exam used for?
assess cognitive function changes across time and evaluates patients for dementia
105
What is the Symbol Digit Modalities Test for?
Evaluate children for cognitive impairment
106
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
Permits skilled, delicate, and purposeful movements.
107
What is the purpose of the Vestibulospinal tract?
Causes the extensor body muscles to contract when a person starts to fall.
108
What is the function of the Corticobulbar tract?
Innervates the motor functions of the cranial nerves
109
Which lobe of the brain processes sensory data?
Parietal lobe
110
Which lobe of the brain perceives sounds?
Temporal
111
Which lobe of the brain interprets visual data?
Occipital

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