Cardio Random Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
truncus arteriosus
A
ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
2
Q
bulbus cordis
A
smooth part of ventricles
3
Q
primitive atrium
A
trabeculated portion
4
Q
primitive ventricle
A
trabeculated portion
5
Q
left horn sinus venosus
A
coronary sinus
6
Q
right horn sinus venosus
A
smooth part of right atrium
7
Q
cardiac looping
A
begins at week 4
defective in Karagener syndrome
8
Q
patent foramen ovale
A
failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse
9
Q
ventricular septal defect
A
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
most common membranous septum
10
Q
outflow tract formation
A
neural crest and endocardial migrate
11
Q
failure of neural crest cells to migrate
A
transposition of great vessels
tetralogy of fallot
persistent truncus arteriosus
12
Q
ductus venosus
A
into IVC bypassing hepatic circulation
13
Q
deoxygenated blood in fetal circulation
A
through ductus arteriosus
14
Q
oxygenated blood in fetal circulation
A
through foramen ovale
15
Q
allantois
A
urachus becomes median umbilical ligament
16
Q
umbilical arteries
A
medial umbilical ligaments
17
Q
umbilical vein
A
ligamentum teres hepatis
contained in falciform ligament
18
Q
SA and AV blood supply
A
RCA
19
Q
LCX supply
A
lateral and posterior walls of left ventricle
20
Q
LAD supply
A
anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum
21
Q
PDA supply
A
AV node
left dominant from LCX
right dominant from RCA
22
Q
enlargement RA
A
dysphagia and hoarseness
23
Q
pericardial cavity
A
between parietal and visceral layers
24
Q
innervation pericardium
A
phrenic
referred pain to shoulder
25
pulse pressure relationships
direct to SV
| inverse to arterial compliance
26
decrease pulse pressure
aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, HF
27
increase SV
contractility and preloard increased
| decreased afterload
28
contractility decreases
```
beta blocker
HF systolic dysfunction
acidosis
hypoxia
non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers
```
29
increase myocardial oxygen demand
contractility
afterload
HR
diameter of ventricle
30
decrease preload
venous vasodilators
31
decrease afterload
arterial vasodilators
32
compensation increase afterload
hypertrophy of LV
33
most TPR
arterioles
34
inotropy
contractility
increased catecholamines, digoxin
decreased HF, NO
only alters CO
35
venous return
changes volume
fluid infusion, sympathetic increase
hemorrhage and spinal anesthesia decrease
36
TPR
```
vasopressors increase (and decrease both lines)
exercise and AV shunt decreases (increases both lines)
```
37
S3
early diastole
| increased filling pressures and dilated ventricles
38
S4
```
late diastole (atrial kick)
lateral decubitus, ventricular noncompliance
```
39
a wave
atrail contraction
40
c wave
RV contraction
41
x descent
relaxation
42
v wave
filling against closed valve
43
y descent
RA emptying into RV
| prominent in pericarditis, absent in tamponade
44
pathologic splitting
inspiration increase VR
| delayed closure of pulmonic valve
45
wide splitting
delayed RV emptying
46
fixed splitting
in ASD
47
paradoxical splitting
delay in aortic closure (aortic steonisis, LBBB)
| P2 before A2
48
increase HCOM murmur
valsalva, standing up
| MVP and HCOM differ from the others
49
pulsus parvus et tardus
aortic stenosis
50
midsystolic click
due to sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
51
causes aortic regurg
aortic root dilation, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis, rheumatic fever
52
decreased rate of diastolic depolarization
Ach and adenosine
| impacts funny current
53
pacemaker rates
SA>AV
54
speed of conduction
purkinje>atrai>ventricles>AV
55
treatment long QT
magnesium sulfate
56
Romano-Ward syndrome
AD long QT
| pure cardiac
57
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
AR
| sensorineural deafness
58
Brugada
AD
| pseudo-RBB block and ST elevations V1-V3
59
risk of WPW
reentry circuit
| supraventricular tachycardia
60
Mobitz I
progressive lengthening
61
Third degree block
associated with Lyme disease
| beat independently
62
aldosterone escape mechanism
ANP
63
BNP
longer half life
| from incrased tension
64
carotid massage
increase pressure and stretch
| increase firing to decrease HR
65
carotid transmission
via glossopharygneal
66
aortic transmission
via vagus
67
Cushing reflex
hypertension, bradycardia and respiratory depression
| cerebral ischemia increase pCO2, hypertension, baroreceptors induced bradycardia
68
central chemoreceptors
pH and PCO2
69
pulmonary wedge in mitral stenosis
PCWP>LV end diastolic pressure
70
heart autoregulation
adenosine, NO, CO2, decrease O2
71
skeletal regualtion
lactate, adenosine, K, H, CO2
72
boot shaped heart
tetralogy of Fallot
73
tet spells
increase SVR to improve cyanosis
74
Ebstein anomaly
displacement of tricuspid leaflets downard into RV
| tricuspid regurg and right HF
75
early cyanosis
R to left shunts
76
ASD vs PFO
missing tissue in ASD
77
Eisenmenger syndrome
uncorrected L to R
pulmonary arterial hypertension, RVH
causes late cyanosis, clubbing, polycythemia
78
complications coarctation of aorta
HF, increased cerebral hemorrhage, aortic rupture, possible endocarditis
79
diabetic mother
transposition of great vessels
80
Williams syndrome
supravalvular aortic stenosis
81
xanthomas
lipid-laden histiocytes
82
Mockenberg sclerosis
calcification of internal elastic lamina and media of arteries
intima not involved-no obstruction to blood flow
83
cystic medial degeneration
leads to thoracic aortic aneurysm
| HTN, bicuspid aortic valve, Marfan
84
obliterative endartertitis of vasa vasorum
tertiary syphilis
85
most common site traumatic aortic rupture
aortic isthmus-proximal descending aorta distal to left subcalvian artery
86
stanford A aortic dissection
ascending aorta
| results in aortic regurg or cardiac tamponade
87
stanford B
below ligamentum arteriosum
88
coronary steal syndrome
vasodilators dilates normal vessels and shunts toward well-perfused areas
diverts away from stenosed and ischemic
89
diagnosis reinfarction
CK-MB
| returns to normal after 48 hrs
90
lateral leads
LCX
| I and aVL
91
inferior leads
RCA
| II, III, aVF
92
papillary muscle rupture
from posterior descending
| mitral regurg
93
Dressler
autoimmune resulting in fibrinous pericarditis
94
findings dilated cardiomyopathy
HF, S3, systolic regurg
95
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
ventricular apial ballooning
96
associated with HCOM
Fridreich ataxia
97
findings hypertrophic
S4, mitral regurg
98
causes restrictive cardiomyopathy
postradiation, Loffler, endocardial fibroelastosis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis
99
sepsis shock
increase CO, decrease SVR
| warm skin
100
culture negative endocarditis
HACEK
101
tricuspid endocarditis
staph, pseudomonas, candida
102
Aschoff bodies
granulomas with giant cells
103
Anitschkow cells
enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy rod-like nucleus
104
Beck triad
hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds
105
pulsus paradoxus
decrease in amplitude >10mm during inspiration
| seen in cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, croup
106
electrical alternans
cardiac tamponade
107
histology myxoma
gelatinous material, myxoma cells immersed in glycosaminoglycans
108
association rhabdomyomas
tuberous sclerosis
109
Kussmaul sign
increase JVP on inspiration
| seen in constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathies, RA or RV tumors
110
association giant cell arteritis
polymyalgia rheumatica
111
histology PAN
transmural inflammation of arterial wall with fibrinoid necrosis
different stages of inflammation
112
histology Buerger disease
segmental thrombosing vasculitis
113
histology granulomatosis
focal necrotizing vasculitis
necrotizing granulomas
necrotizing glomerulonephritis
nodular densities on CXR
114
histology Churg-Strauss
granulomatous, necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilia
115
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
blanching skin lesions, epistaxis, AV malformations
116
use nimodipine
subarachnoid hemorrhage
117
hydralazines
increase cGMP
| lupus like syndrome
118
caution pindolol and acebutolol
use caution in angina
| partial beta-agonists
119
ranolazine
inhibits late sodium, reducing oxygen consumption
| leads to QT prolongation
120
milrinone
PDE-3 inhibitor inotropic and chronotropic
121
decrease triglycerides
fibrates
122
decrease LDL
statins
123
statin myopathy
particularly when with fibrates or niacin
124
prevent intestinal reabsoprtion
bile acid resins
125
cholesterol gallstones
fibrates
126
adenosine
increase K out of cell
| blunted by theophylline and caffeine
127
ivabradine
inhibition of funny sodium channels
| reduces cardiac O2 requirement
128
adverse ivabradine
visual brightness, hypertension, bradycardia
