Neuro Random Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
notochord
A
induce ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm
2
Q
neural plate
A
becomes neural tube and neural crest cells
3
Q
notochord
A
nucleus pulposus
4
Q
alar
A
dorsal sensory
5
Q
basal
A
ventral motor
6
Q
forebrain
A
becomes telencephalon and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
7
Q
midbrain
A
mesencephalon becomes midprain
8
Q
hindbrain
A
metencephalon becomes pons and cerebellum
myelencephalon becomes medulla
9
Q
mesoderm in the CNS
A
microglia
like macrophages
10
Q
neural crest derivatives in CNS
A
PNS neurons and Schwann cells
11
Q
neural tube defects
A
diabetes
increase AFP and increase AChE
12
Q
polyhydraminos
A
anencephaly
no swallowing center failure of rostral to close
13
Q
genetics holoprosencephaly
A
failure L/R separation
hedgehog
ch 13 and fetal alcohol syndrome
14
Q
chiari I vs chiari II
A
tonsils in 1-adult onset, associated with syringomyelia
tonsils and vermis-hydrocephalus and lumbosacral meningomyelocele
15
Q
associations dandy walker
A
agenesis of cerebellar vermis
noncommunicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida
16
Q
preserved in syringomyelia
A
fine touch
most common C8-T1
17
Q
Nissl staining in neurons
A
stains RER (no RER in axon)
18
Q
Wallerian degeneration
A
degeneration of axon distal to injury and retraction proximally
macrophages remove debris and myelin
19
Q
astrocytes
A
from neuroectoderm
GFAP+
functions as extracellular buffer for K and removes excess NT
20
Q
velocity from myelin
A
increase velocity due to increase space constant
21
Q
Schwann cell origin
A
neural crest
myelinates 1 axon
22
Q
Meissner
A
fine touch
found in hairless skin
23
Q
Pacinian
A
deep skin and ligaments
vibration and pressuer
24
Q
Merkel
A
pressure, position sense
on finger tips
25
Ruffini
adapts slowly
| on finger tips and joints
26
blood nerve permeability barrier
perineurium
| must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
27
chromatolysis
reaction of neuronal cell body
increase protein synthesis in effort to repair axon damage
round cellular swelling, displacement of nucleus, dispersion of nissl
28
ach
from basal nucleus of meynert
29
dopa
ventral tegmentum and SNc
30
GABA
nucleus accumbens
31
NE
locus ceruleus
32
serotonin
Raphe nucleus
33
meninges origin
dura-mesoderm
| others from neural crest
34
structures formation of BBB
tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
BM
astrocyte foot processes
35
transporters BBB
glucose and AA by carier mediated
| nonpolar/lipid soluble pass rapidly
36
inputs to hypothalamus
not protected by BBB
OVLT senses change in osmolarity
area postrema
37
lateral hypothalamus
hunger, stimulated by ghreLin
38
ventromedial
satIety from leptIn
39
anterior
cooling para
40
posterior
heating symp
41
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
ADH and oxytocin
| carried by neurophysin to PP
42
benzos and night terrors
decrease N3 and REM
43
ECG stages
beta, alpha, theta, sleep spindles, delta, beta
| BATS DB
44
bruxism
teeth grinding in N2 along with sleep spindles and K complexes
45
night terrors and sleep walking
N3 delta waves lowest frequency and highest amplitude
46
source of REM
PPRF
| occurs every 90 min and duration increases through night
47
VPL
senses vibration, pain, pressure, proprioception, light touch, temp
48
VPM
face and taste
49
lateral geniculate
vision
50
medial geniculate
music
51
Papez circuit
hippocampus, mamillary bodies, anterior thalamic, cingulate cyrus
52
mesolimbic
positive symptoms
53
mesocrotical
negative symptoms
54
nigrostriatal
EPS
55
tuberoinfundibular
prolactin
56
input cerebellum
contralateral cortex
| ipsi proprio via inferior cerebellar peduncle
57
output cerebellum
purkinje-inhibitory
58
striatum
putamen and caudate
59
lentiform
putamen and GP
60
excitatory pathway
striatum release GABA inhibits Gpi
61
inhibitory pathway
release GABA to disinhibit Gpe and stimulate GPi
62
D1 vs D2
D1 in direct stimulatory
| D2 in inhibitory
63
cerebral perfusion
PCo2
relies on diff between MAP and ICP
can use hyperventilation to treat edema (decrease ICP increase perfusion)
64
associations dural venous thrombosis
hypercoag-pregnancy OCP and factor V leiden
65
CSF production
ependymal cells of choroid
| reabsorbed at arachnoid and drain into dural venous sinuses
66
CN origins
above pons-I, II, III, IV
at pons-V, VI, VII, VIII
medulla-9-12
67
nucleus solitarius
visceral sensory (7,9,10)
68
nucleus ambiguus
motor 9,10,11
69
dorsal motor nucleus
parasymp to heart, lungs, upper GI
70
lacrimation reflex
Vi to VII
71
vertebral disc herniation
nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrous
| usually posterolaterally at L4-L5 or L5-S1 and compresses lower number
72
lower extent spinal cord
L1-L2 in adults, subarachnoid extends to S2
73
lateral corticospinal
legs are lateral
74
dorsal orgaization
cervical outside (lateral)
gracilis lower
cuneatus upper
decussates in medilla
75
spinothalamic
decussates at anterior white commissure
76
cremasteric reflex
L1, L2
77
anal wink
S3, S4
78
T7
xiphoid process
79
L1
inguinal ligament
80
referred pain to shoulder
gallbaldder and pancreas
81
frontal fields defect
look toward lesion
82
paramedian pontine reticualr formatino defect
away from lesion
83
dominant parietal cortex defect
Gerstmann syndrome
| agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation
84
amygdala defect
kluver-bucy disinhibited behavior
| HSV-1 related
85
superior colliculus defect
parinaud syndrome
paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze
results from stroke, pinealoma, and hydrocephalus
86
associations subarachnoid hemorrhage
rupture of aneurysm (such as saccular) or AV malformation
bloody or yellow spinal tap
nimodipine to prevnet vasospasm
87
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
systemic HTN and amyloid, vasculitis
| typically in basal ganglia and internal capsule (Charcot-Bouchard microaneuysm of lenticulostriate vessels)
88
ASA stroke
ipsi hypoglossal dysfunction
| contralateral paralysis
89
PICA
ipsi horner
| cant eat
90
lateral pontine
facial nucleus loss from AICA
91
conduction aphasai
loss of arcuate fasciculus
92
associations saccular aneurysm
at bifurcations of circle of Willis-most common Acom and ACA
| ADPKD and Ehlers-Danlos
93
Absence
3Hz spike and wave
94
tonic
stiffening
95
myoclonic
quick, repetitive jerks
96
irritation in migraine
of CN V, meninges or blood vessels
| release substance P, calcitonine gene related peptide, vasoactive peptides
97
athetosis
slow snake like writhing
| especially in fingers from basal ganglia lesion
98
hemiballismus
contralateral subthalamic nucleus
| sudden wild flailing of one arm and leg
99
intention tremor
cerebellar dysfunction
100
MPTP
illegal drug that causes parkinsonian symptoms
101
lewy bodies
alpha synuclein are intracellular eosinophilic inclusions
102
trinucleotide huntington
CAG
103
senile plaques
beta amyloid core
104
neurofibrillary tangles
intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein
| number correlates with dementia
105
frontotemporal dementia
hyperphosphorylated tau or ubiquitinated TDP-43
106
diagnosis creutzfeldt jakob
sharp waves on EEG
| increase 14-3-3 protein in CSF
107
associations pseudotumor cerebri
vitamin A excess, tetracycline, danazol, female, obesity
108
distortion in normal pressure hydrocephalus
distorts fibers of corona radiata
| magnetic gait
109
location demyelination
pontine white matter
from rapid correction of hyponatremia
correct hyper-edema
110
findings MS
increase IgG and myelin in CSF
| periventricular plaques
111
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
multifocal inflammation after infection
112
charcot-marie-tooth
defective proteins in structure of myelin
| leads to foot deformities, lower extremity weakness
113
Krabbe disease
AR def galactocerebroside
buildup galactocerebroside and psychosine
globoid cells and optic atrophy
114
metachromatic leukodystrophy
AR arylsulfatase A def
buildup of sulfatides
ataxia and dementia
115
increased risk PML
natalizumab and rituximab
116
adrenoleukodystrophy
X linked disorder of VLCFA
| adrenal crisis, also builds up in NS and testes
117
cause Sturge-Weber
anomaly of neural crest derivatives
| somatic mosaicism GNAQ gene
118
symptoms Sturge-Weber
port wine stain
ipsi letpomeningeal angioma
glaucoma
119
chromosome tuberous sclerosis
ch 16 AD
120
symptoms tuberous sclerosis
hamartomas, angiofibromas, mitral regurg, ash-leaf spots, rhabdomyoma, seizures, shagreen patches
increased giant cell astrocytomas and ungual fibromas
121
NF1
17 neurofibromin negative regulator RAS
| Cafe-au-lait, neurofibromas, gliomas, pheo, pigmented iris hamartomas
122
NF2
schwannomas, cataracts, meningiomas, ependymomas
123
VHL
ch 3
| hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas
124
histology GBM
GFAP+
| pseudopalisading with central area of necrosis and hemorrhage
125
histology oligodendroglioma
chicken-wire
fried-egg
often calcified
126
histology meningioma
arachnoid cell origin
spindle cells whorled pattern, psammoma
may have dural attachment
127
brain tumor making EPO
hemangioblastoma
128
s-100+
schwannoma
129
histology pilocytic astrocytoma
GFAP glial cell
| rosenthal fibers
130
histology medulloblastoma
primitive neuroectodermal tumor
homer-wright rosettes
non-communicating hydrocephalus
drop mets
131
histology ependymoma
hydrocephalus
| perivascular rosettes
132
pinealoma in men
precocious puberty due to beta-hCG
133
duret hemorrhages
rupture of paramedian basilar artery branches in transtentorial herniation
134
poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffmann
degeneration of anterior horns of spinal
floppy body
polio-asymmetric Werdnig-symmetric
135
ALS
UMN and LMN with no sensory or bladder deficits
| can be caused by superoxide dismutase 1 dedfect
136
degeneration in vitamin B12
SCD
| spinocerebellar, lateral corticospinal, dorsal columns
137
cauda equina
compression spinal roots from L2
138
brown-sequard at T1
ipsi horner
ipsi LMN and loss at level
UMN below and ipsi loss proprioception, contra pain, temp, crude touch
139
genetics friedreich atacia
GAA on ch 9
| associated with DM and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, kyphoscoliosis in childhood
140
CN V def
toward lesion
141
CN X
away from lesion
142
CN XI
shoulder droop on side of lesion
| head turned to contra of lesion
143
causes Bell Palsy
lyme, HSV, sarcoidosis, DM
144
Weber test
conductive to affected
| sensorineural to unaffected
145
noise-induced death
damage to stereociliated cells in organ of Corti
| loss of high frequency
146
presbycusis
damage to hair at cochlear base
147
cholesteatoma
overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris
| conductive hearing loss
148
conjunctivitis and preauridcular lymph node
viral etiology often adenovirus
149
hyperopia
eye too short
| correct with convex
150
myopia
too long
| concave
151
presbyopia
from decreased strength of ciliary muscle
152
cataracts in children
galactosemia, galactokinase, trisomies, ToRCHeS, Marfan, Alport, NF2, myotonic
153
trabecular outflow
M3 increases
154
uveoscleral outflow
increase with PG agonists
155
aqueous humor
nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary
| decreased by BB, A2 agonists, CA inhibitors
156
cupping (thinning of outer rim of optic nerve head)
glaucoma
157
dry macular degeneration
yellow exudate between bruch membrane and retinal pigment
158
wet macular degeneration
rapid loss from neovascularization
| treat with anti-vegf (ranibizumab)
159
neurons in miosis
EW first neuron
| short ciliary to sphincter pupillae
160
meyer loop
lower retina loops around inferior horn of lateral ventricle
upper is out
161
dorsal optic radiation
superior retina
shortest path via internal capsule
lower is out
162
causes of cavernous sinus
pituitary tumor, carotid cavernous fistula or cavernous sinus thrombosis
163
DOC status epilepticus
benzos
164
vigabatran
inhibits GABA transaminase
165
inhibits release of glutamate
lamotrigine
166
neuropsychiatric symptoms
levetiracetam
167
contraindication barbs
porphyria
168
benzos without active metabolites
alprazolam, triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam
| short acting-more addictive potential
169
metabolized outside liver
oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam
170
BZI subtype of GABA receptor
nonbenzo hypnotics
171
suvorexant
orexin antagonist for insmnia
172
dopamine agonists for parkinson
bromocriptine
| pramipexole, ropinirole
173
increase availability dopa
amantadine
174
inhibit dopa carboxylase
levodopa
175
inhibits COMT
entacapone, tolcapone
176
memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist for Alz
177
potency and solubility
directly related
| inverse to MAC (potency =1/MAC)
178
inhaled anesthetic hepatotoxic
halothane
179
nephrotoxic
methoxyflurane
180
anterograde amnesia
benzos
181
cardio stimulant
ketamine
182
amide local
two i's
183
cardiotoxic local
bupivacaine
184
arrhythmia
cocaine
185
methemoglobinemia
benzocaine
186
block in phase I NM block
potentiated by cholinesterase inhibitors
187
baclofen
GABAb activated
188
mu opioid
beta endorphin
189
gamma
enkephalin
190
kappa
dynorphin
191
no tolerance in opioid
to miosis and constipation
192
petnazocine
kappa opioid receptor agonist
| mu weak antagonist
193
tramadol
weak opioid agonist
| also inhibits 5HT and NE reuptake
194
adverse tramadol
decrease seizure threshold and serotonin syndrome
195
pilocarpine
in emergencies to open meshwork at canal of Schlemm
196
darkens color of iris
prostaglandin
| latanoprost
