Learn from your mistakes 2 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
mountain alkalosis
A
hyperventilation causes hypocapnia in addition to hypoxia
2
Q
hyperosmotic contraction
A
loss of free water
diabetes insipidus
3
Q
identify appendix
A
teniae coli
4
Q
combined beta blockers and non-dihydropyridine ca channel blockers
A
additive negative chronotropic effects
5
Q
xanthelesma
A
seen in primary biliary cirrhosis
6
Q
spinal stenosis
A
most common in lumbar region
usually due to disc herniation, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and osteophyte formation
7
Q
buildup of pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension
A
leads to impaired axoplasmic flow
optic nerve compression
8
Q
prevention of gynecomastia in prostate patients
A
tamoxifen
9
Q
saccular vs charcot
A
charcot from HTN leads to intracerebral hemorrhage
saccular subarachnoid hemorrhage
10
Q
posterior view of knee prominent
A
posterior cruciate ligament
11
Q
desire hepatic clearance
A
high lipophilicity
12
Q
schizo without mood symptoms
A
schizoaffective
13
Q
injured during appendectomy
A
iliohypogastric nerve
14
Q
conversion of sorbitol
A
into fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase
when it doesnt happen in diabetes leads to fluid accumulation
15
Q
AA that become propionyl CoA
A
valine
isoleucine
methionine
threonine
16
Q
glucose transport into adipocytes
A
carrier-mediated transport
17
Q
rapid relief to RA
A
glucocorticoids and NSAIDs
18
Q
atrial fib
A
loss of atrial contraction decreases preload and can exacerbate aortic stenosis
19
Q
inferior wall MI
A
decrease CO and PCWP
increase CVP due to RV dysfunction and impaired forward flow
20
Q
no heme synthesis in RBC
A
no mitochondria
21
Q
repeated infarct in sickle cell
A
fibrosis and atrophy
22
Q
pathogenesis hepatic seatosis
A
due to decreased beta oxidation and excess NADH
23
Q
CREST in esophagus
A
fibrous replacement of lower esophagus
24
Q
v wave on left atrial tracing
A
mitral regurg
upsloping atrial pressure
25
influenza vaccination
inhibition of viral entry into cells
26
risk factors nephrolithiasis
```
low fluid
low calcium
high oxalate
high protein
high sodium
high fructose
```
27
retroperitoneal hematoma from warfarin
```
injures femoral (passes through psoas)
loss of sensation anterior aspect or thigh
```
28
adverese cholorthalidone
hypercholestrolemia
29
ischemic colon
problem with pyruvate dehydrogenase
| leads to lactic acidosis due to anaerobic conditions
30
no edema
increased lymph drainage
31
alter inositol in alpha1
change PKC because PLC comes before IP3 so unaffected
32
inhibited by F26BP
alanine to glucose
33
result of demyelination
change in length constant
| demyelination increases time constant
34
renal angiomyolipoma
TS
| association with brain hamartomas and ash leaf skin patches
35
dimpling breast cancer
impact suspensory ligament
36
limited language proficiency
have an interpreter
37
mediator acute hemorrhagic transfusion reaction
complement mediated cell lysis
| type II HSR
38
placement of pacemaker
place in atrioventricular groove
39
ablation for arrhythmia
interartial septum near opening of the coronary sinus
40
abnormal ABG in obese pation
obesity hypoventilation syndrome
| hypoxemia and normal A-a gradient
41
3' end of tRNA
CCA
| contains chemically modified bases
42
theophylline toxicity
from cipro, macrolides, verapamil, or cimetidine due to altered hepatic cytochrome oxidases
43
formation of fibrous cap in atheroma
from vascular smooth muscle cells
44
findings of serum sickness
type III HSR with low c3 and c4
| rash and arthralgias
45
cholesterol stone fromation
gemfibrozil
| fibrates reduce bile acid synthesis
46
target of adrenal hyperplasia
ACTH
| androgen not testosterone from reticularis-contributes very little to overall virilization-testosterone
47
arthritis and rash
Parvo infection
48
deep brain stim for parkinson
target subthalamic nucleus
49
bleeding esophageal varices
portal vein thrombosis
| causes hypertension, splenomegaly, and varices
50
cause of AAA
chronic transmural inflammation
oxidative stress and smooth muscle apoptosis
(cystic medial in Marfan)
51
lactose intolerance stool
decrease pH
short chain FA acidify the stool
elevated stool osmolality
52
dermatomyositis
paraneoplastic from carcinoma (ovarian, lung, colorectal, non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
53
AV shunts
increase preload and decrease afterload
54
paraneoplastic small cell lung cancer to the brain
degeneration
| autoimmune from anti-Yo, P/Q, and Hu antibodies
55
increased substance in overgrowth from bypass
folate and vitamin K
| due to production from enteric bacteria
56
increased wedge
wedge estimates LA pressure
| increase in wedge would be seen in mitral stenosis
57
Rosenthal fibers
seen pilocytic astrocytoma
58
cause of vitiligo
loss of epidermal melanocytes
59
anterolateral fracture of humerus
radial nerve injury
results in wrist drop
brachial artery runs with median nerve and could be injured in anteromedial fracture
60
putamen location
lateral to basal ganglia in cross section
61
artery with radial nerve
| injured in mid-humerus fracture
deep branch of brachial artery
62
gluconeogenesis
glycerol kinase
| important in DKA
63
endogenous synthesis niacin
from tryptophan
64
serpentine pattern
virulence
| responsible for inactivating neutrophils, damaging mitochondria, and inducing release of TNF
65
NE to epi
PMNT
| stimulated by cortisol
66
benzos vs SSRI for panic disorder
avoid benzos in patients with history of drug abuse
| can give SSRI instead
67
tabes dorsalis and light that does not react to light
spirochete infection
| tertiary syphilis
68
treatment primary psychogenic polydipsia
water deprivation
69
ARP
100(RR-1)/RR
70
nitroglycerin
decrease SVR, increase venous capacitance, decrease LV EDV
71
MOA carbamazepine
decrease Na
72
ureter obstruction
decrease GFR and FF
73
maturity onset diabetes
mutation in glucokinase
74
normal in ARDS
PWCP
75
diabetic mononeuropathy
ischemic injury
76
enterococcus
important cause of UTI
similar to strep/staph-gram positive cocci
cause gamma hemolysis
77
labs vitamin D def
decreased Ca and phosphate but increased PTH
78
RNA polymerase order
rmt
| inhibition of RNAP II by toxin leads to inhibition of mRNA
79
hepatotoxicity from inhaled anesthetic
leads to prolonged PT due to def in factor VII
80
gallstone ileus
leads to air in the ducts and biliary tree
81
aortic dissection
from HTN
82
GTP production
succinyl CoA synthetase
| use the GTP for formation of PEP from oxaloacetate
83
eosinophilia in the presence of parasitic infection
antibody mediated killing
| immediate HSR mediated more by mast cells and basophils
84
anti-citrullated Ab
found in RA
| more specific
85
eosinophilic casts
seen in multiple myeloma
86
chronic lymphedema post lymph node dissection
leads to angiosarcoma
87
derivation of Schwannoma
CN VIII
88
first line in generalized anxiety disorder
SSRI
| citalopram
89
uric acid stone in the context of diarrhea
leads to increased H excretion in the kidney
| metabolic alkalosis from the diarrhea
90
increased CK
seen in hypothyroid
| check TSH to determine the etiology
91
increased in COPD/emphysema
RV/TLC
92
dietary intake of fructose in essential fructosuria
hexokinase allows for some conversion
93
disypyramide
```
class I channel blocker
used as an anti-arrhythmic
```
94
gemfibro
stone formation by decreasing cholesterol solubility and also decrease formation of bile acids
95
geniculate nucleus
ipsilateral
96
B cell lymphoma in context of HIV
associated with EBV
| Burkitt lymphoma-Ki67
97
superior vena cava
seen in the context of a mediastinal mass
| can occur with superior sulcus tumor but less likely
98
gallstones without alcohol consumption
check TG
| could be result of hypertriglyceridemia
99
increased thyroid hormones in context of male germ cell tumor
due to production of hCG
100
basophilic structure in cell
nucleolus
RNAPI is restricted to the nucleus to make ribosomal components
increased in malignant cells
101
reciting months backwards
concentration
102
cause of gastric varices
splenic thrombosis
| short gastric on fundus
103
no pyruvate dehydrogenase
increase lactic acid
104
ESR
impacted by acute phase reactants causing an increase in fibrinogen
105
treatment resistant schizophrenia
clozapine
| watch out for agranulocytosis
106
net excretion
inulin(plasma)-reabsorption
107
injury at 12th rib
kidney injury
| spleen is at 9-11
108
severity of mitral stenosis
time to snap from A2
109
rhabdomyolysis
no full RBC (only trace amounts) and increased CK
110
target deep stim parkinson
subthalamic nucleus
111
MOA glitinides
work on membrane ion channel
| ATP dependent K channel
112
septic abortion infection
staph
113
detection mRNA
RT-PCR
114
location hydroxylation of proline
RER
115
lowest concentration PAH
Bowmans space
| majority secreted in PCT
116
phosphatidylcholine in gallstones
decreased along with bile acids
117
AV gradient of anesthetics
reflects solubility
| high solubility, high graidnet, slow onset of action
118
PT
VII
119
result of gallbladder hypomotility
increase in biliary sludge
| can become concentrated leading to stone
120
retroperitoneal hematoma
from pancreas rupture
| adrenal glands not spleen retroperitoneal
121
yellow theca in mass
estrogen
122
Wallerian degeneration
axonal reaction
123
sandpaper texture skin lesion
actinic keratosis
124
blood transfusion
complement mediated lysis
| antibody mediated type II reaction
125
direct inguinal hernia
weakness in transversalis fascia
126
blunt aortic injury
usually to arch at aortic isthmus-tethered by ligamentum arteriosum
127
intermediate acting benzos
lorazepam, al and tez
128
reduction in VLDL production
fibrates
129
obstructive lesion
collapse
| mediastinal shift towards the collapsed lung
130
v wave
mitral regurg
131
proteasome inhibitors
leads to apoptosis
| can be used as treatment for MM
132
labs in klinefelter
increase FSH due to loss of feedback inhibition
| leads to gynecomastia
133
appearance acalculus cholecystitis
inflamed gallbladder
134
avoid increase in lactate
ketogenic AA-lysine and leucine
135
orotic acid crystals
supplement uridine
136
AV canal defect
Down syndrome
137
decrease CO curve
MI
138
increased parasympathetic tone
digoxin
139
immediate relief COPD
beta agonists
| increase cAMP
140
cephalosporin coverage of Pseudomonas
cefepime (moxi as FQN does not cover it)
141
S4
decreased compliance
| hypertrophy of LV and restrictive heart diseases
142
platelet rich thrombi
malignancy
143
wrinkled cells on smear
Gaucher disease
| beta glucocerebroside def
144
normal CT but neuro signs and HTN
hypertension
| if abnormal CT then charcot-bouchard
145
palpable purpura
```
associated with medications (penicillin)
see vasculitis (leukocytic vasculitis)
```
146
necrolytic migratory erythema
seen in glucagonoma
147
ovarian torsion
twisting on infundibulopelvic
148
treat blanching of NE
phentolamine
149
denervation deltoid
axillary
150
bronchiolitis obliterans
chronic rejection to small airways
151
Henoch-Scholein
joint pain from the vasculitis
152
necrosis and eosin staining in skin lesion
PAN
| seen in hepatitis B
153
oxalate crystals
methylene glycol poisoning
| leads to acute tubular necrosis
154
clots in hemophilia
from thrombin
155
clasp knife
from internal capsule stroke
| UMN
156
MSH2
Lynch
157
supplement homocystinuria
pyridoxine
158
cause of spinal stenosis
ligamentum flavum
159
formation of abscess in the lung
from lysosomes (release lysosome contents from macrophages)
160
RV infarct
leads to decrease CO, decreased wedge pressure
| increased central venous pressure (due to RV dysfunction and feed forward pressure)
161
labs Celiac
malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins-vitamin D
| leads to increased PTH and decreased PO4 and Ca
162
MOA fondiparinux
binds anti-thrombin III
163
child with high fever
supportive care only
| active cooling only in setting of heat stroke-no proven benefit in febrile seizures
164
eosinophils in urine
suggestive of acute interstitial nephritis
165
loss of pulsatile GnRH
weight loss, strenuous exercise
| functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
166
polycythemia vera
cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase
167
increased glycogenolysis in muscle
from presence of Ca
168
wedge shaped infarcts
global ischemia from hypoxic-ischemia
| happens in watershed regions of the brain
169
most common site kidney cancer met
lung
170
pulmonary emboli
wedge shaped
| can occur after tricuspid endocarditis
