Repro Random Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
found at base of limbs, pattern anteroposterior axis
A
sonic hedge hog
2
Q
defect causes holoprosencephaly
A
SHH
3
Q
produced at apical ectodermal ridge
dorsal-ventral axis
A
Wnt-7
4
Q
stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, produced by ectodermal ridge, lengthens limbs
A
FGF
5
Q
involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction
A
Hox genes
6
Q
implantation
A
at day 6
hCG production
7
Q
bilaminar disc
A
2 weeks
8
Q
gastrulation-trilaminar disc
A
week 3
notochord produces overlying neural plate
9
Q
extreme susceptibility to teratogens
A
3-8 weeks
neural tube closes week 4
10
Q
4 limbs and 4 heart chambers
A
week 4
11
Q
fetal movements
A
week 8
12
Q
genitalia
A
week 10
13
Q
derivative surface ectoderm
A
lens, epithelial lining ear, oral, olfactory
canal below pectinate
parotid, sweat, mammory
14
Q
neural tube
A
brain, retina, spinal cord
15
Q
neural crest
A
PNS, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, parafollicualr cells of thyroid, pia, arachnoid, bones of skull, odontoblasts, AP septum, endocardial cushions, myenteric plexus
16
Q
notochord
A
nucleus pulposus
17
Q
mesoderm
A
muscle, spleen, cardio, lymph, blood, wall of gut, upper vagina, kidneys, adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries
18
Q
endoderm
A
gut tube epithelium, urethra and lower vagina, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells
19
Q
absent primordial tissue
A
agenesis
20
Q
absent despite presence of primordial tissue
A
aplasia
21
Q
incomplete organ development
A
hypoplasia
22
Q
breakdown normal tissue
A
disruption
23
Q
extrinsic disruption
A
deformation
24
Q
intrinsic disruption
A
malformation
25
renal damage to baby
ACEi
26
absence of digits
alkylating agents
27
aplasia cutis congenita
methimazole
28
bone deformations, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic abnormalities
warfarin
29
complications maternal diabetes
caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia), heart defects, NT defects, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia
30
neurotoxicity
methylmercury
31
excess vitamin A
spontaneous abortions, birth defects-cleft palate, cardiac
32
x rays
microcephaly, intellectual disability
33
mechanism fetal alcohol syndrome and most severe form
failure of cell migration
| holoprosencephaly and heart-lung fistulas
34
earlier cleavage monozygotic twins
di/di
monochorionic/diamnionic
mono/mono if after 8-12 days
35
inner layer chorionic villi
cytotrophoblast
36
synthesize hormones in fetal placenta
syncytiotrophoblast
37
safety from immune response in syncytiotrophoblast
no MHC I expression
38
decidua basalis
derived from endometrium
| maternal blood in lacunae
39
from internal iliac to placenta
umbilical arteries
40
associations single umbilical artery
congenital and chromosomal anomalies
41
path umbilical vein
into IVC via liver or ductus venosus
42
urachus
yolk sac forms allantois that extends into urogenital sinus
| becomes urachus
43
urine discharge from umbilicus
patent urachus
44
fluid filled cavity lined with uroepithelium
partial failure to obliterate urachus
| can lead to infection and adenocarcinoma
45
outpouching of bladder
vesicourachal diverticulum
46
connects yolk sac to midgut lumen
vitelline duct
47
meconium from umbilicus
vitelline fistula
48
4th aortic arch
proximal portion of R subclavian
49
location recurrent laryngeal
right under subclavian
| left under aortic arch, distal to ductus arteriosus
50
1st cleft
external auditory meatus
51
2nd through 4th clefts
temporary cervical sinuses
52
cyst within lateral neck
| anterior to SCM
persistent cervical sinus
53
micrognathia, glossptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction
Pierre Robin sequence
54
neural crest dysfunction leading to mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities
Treacher Collins syndrome
55
posterior belly digastric
2nd arch
56
lesser horn hyoid
2nd arch
57
greater horn hyoid
3rd arch
58
cartilage of 4th arch
arytenoids, cricoid, corniculate, cuneiform, thyroid
59
6th arch muscles
all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid (4th)
60
1st pouch
middle ear, mastoid air cells, eustachian tube
61
2nd pouch
palatine tonsil lining
62
dorsal 3rd
inferior parathyroid
63
ventral 3rd
thymus
64
final location 3rd pouch
below 4th pouch
65
dorsal 4th pouch
superior parathyroid
66
ventral 4th pouch
ultimobranchial body
| parafollicular cells of thyroid
67
failure fusion maxillary and medial nasal
cleft lip
68
failure lateral or lateral and nasal septum/median palatine shelf
cleft palate
69
female
paramesonephric duct develops
70
male formation
SRY to testis forming factor
71
sertoli in male formation
mullerian inhibitory-suppresses development paramesonephric duct
72
leydig in male formation
androgens for mesonephric duct formation
73
male remnant of paramesonephric
appendix testis
74
lack of uterine development with fully developed 2nd sexual
Mullerian agenesis syndrome
75
lower vagina
urogenital sinus
76
mesonephric derivations
seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens
77
remnant mesonephric in female
Gartner duct
78
no sertoli cells or mullerian inhib
both internal
| male external
79
5 alpha reductase def
male internal
| ambiguous external until puberty
80
leydig
leads to male
81
sertoli
shuts down female (internal) sexual differentiation
82
incomplete fusion of septum
septate uterus
83
incomplete fusion mullerian ducts
bicornuate uterus
84
uterus didelphys
complete failure of fusion
pregnancy possible
double uterus, cervix, vagina
85
genital tubercle
glans penis, corpus cavernosum/spongiosum
| glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs
86
urogenital sinus
bartholin, skene, cowper, prostate
87
urogential folds
ventral shaft of penis and labia minor
88
labioscrotal swelling
labia majora and scrotum
89
failure of urethral folds to fuse
hypo
| below (ventral surface)
90
associations hypospadias
inguinal hernia and cryptorchidism
91
faulty genital tubercle
epispadias
| on dorsal surface
92
gubernaculum
anchors testes in males
| ovarian ligament+round ligament of uterus in females
93
processus vaginalis
tunica vaginalis in males
| obliterated in females
94
draining ovaries/testes
para-aortic lymph nodes
95
body of uterus/cervix/superior bladder
external iliac nodes
96
prostate/cervix/corpus cavernosum/proximal vagina
internal iliac nodes
97
distal vagina/vulva/scrotum/distal anus
superficial inguinal nodes
98
glans penis
deep inguinal nodes
99
contents suspensory ligament of ovary
ovarian vessels
| ureter passes retroperitoneally-at risk during ligation of ovarian vessels
100
contents cardinal ligament
derivative of gubernaculum, travels through round inguinal canal
goes from uterine fundus to labia majora
101
contents broad ligament
ovaries, fallopain tubes, round ligament of uterus
| fold of peritoneum
102
ovarian ligament
medial of ovary to lateral uterus
103
histology fallopain tube
simple columnar, ciliated
104
sign urethral injury
blood in urethral meatus
105
posterior urethral injury
membranous portion from pelvic fracture
| urine leak into retropubic space
106
anterior urethral injury
bulbar at risk from straddle injury
| urine leak beneath deep fascia of Buck (if torn into superficial perineal space)
107
steps in ejection
parasympathetic
NO leads to increase in cGMP,
NE causes smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction-antierectile
108
emission
sympathetic through hypogastric
109
ejeaculation
visceral and somatic, pudendal
110
spermatogonia
produce primary spermatocytes
| line seminiferous tubules
111
role of blood testis barrier
tight junctions between Sertoli cells
| protect from autoimmune attack
112
unaffected by temperature
leydig cells
113
relative potency of estrogen
estradiol>estrone>estriol
| estriol from ovary, estriol from placenta, adipose makes estrone
114
stimulation of prolactin secretion
estrogen
115
locations progesterone production
corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes
116
prevents endometrial hyperplasia
progesterone
117
disinhibition of prolactin
fall in progesterone after delivery
118
meiosis I
arrested in prophase I until ovulation
119
meiosis II
arrested in metaphase II until fertilization
120
increase in temperature
progesterone induced
121
Mittleshmerz
mid cycle pain due to peritoneal irritation
| can mimic appendicitis
122
fastest follicular growth
during second week of follicular phase
123
decrease in fertility
decrease in progesterone
124
common location fertilization
upper end of fallopian tube
125
gestational age
from last menstrual period
126
embryonic age
from conception (gestation-2 weeks)
127
adaptations in pregnancy
```
increase CO through increase pre, decrease after
increase HR
anemia due to increase plasma
hypercoag
hyperventilation to eliminate fetal CO2
```
128
increases in hCG
multiple gestations, hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, Down
129
decreases in hCG
ectopic, Edward, Patau
130
stimulates insulin production in placenta
human placental lactogen
| leads to increase lipolysis (insulin resistance)
131
APGAR
appearnce, pulse, grimace, actitivty, respiration
<7 requires further eval, remains low then risk for neuro damage
out of 10 points
132
associations low birth weight
SIDS and mortality
| impaired thermo, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, brain dev
133
maintain milk production
suckling
| nerve stimulation, oxytocin and prolactin
134
milk let down
oxytocin
135
benefits breast milk
decreased risk for asthma, allergies, DM, obesity
require vitamin D supplements
decreases risk of breast and ovarian cancer for mother
136
source of estrogen in menopause
peripheral conversion-estrone
| hirsutism
137
labs menopause
increase FSH (more than LH)
138
menopause before 40
primary ovarian insufficiency
139
deepening of voice
testosterone
140
closing epiphyseal plates
estrogen from testosterone
141
androgens to estrogen in males
p450 aromatase found in adipose and testis
142
loss of cytoplasmic contents and gain of acrosomal cap
spermatids to spermatozoon in spermiogenesis
143
labs Klinefelter
decrease T due to leydig dysfunction
increase LH and estrogen
dysgenesis of seminiferous leads to decrease inhibin B and increase FSH
144
cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
| no Barr body seen
145
pregnancy in Turney
IVF, exogenous estradiol and progesterone
146
XYY
severe acne, learning disability, autism
147
excessive androgens in female fetus
external genitalia ambiguous
| internal ovaries
148
androgen insensitivity
external genitalia ambiguous but testes present
149
placental aromatase def
inability to synthesize estrogen from androgens
| maternal virilization
150
5alpha def
ambiguous external genitalia until puberty
151
defective migration of GnRH releasing neurons
Kallmann
decrease GnRH
infertility
152
proliferative cells in hydatiform mole
trophoblasts
153
associations hydatidiform mole
hCG sequela, pre-eclampsia, theca-luteain cysts, hyperemesis gravidarum, hyperthyroidism
154
complete mole genetics
46
no fetal parts
honeycombed uterus
155
presentation choriocarcinoma
hematogenous spread to lungs-shortness of breath and hemoptysis
156
risk factors placental abruption
trauma, smoking, HTN, pre-eclampsia, cocaine abuse
157
placenta accreta
defective decidua
158
risk factors accreta
prior C-section, inflammation, previa
159
attaches to myometrium without penetrating it
accreta
160
penetrates into myometrium
increta
161
perforates through myometrium and into uterine serosa
percreta
| can attach to rectum or bladder
162
painless third trimester bleeding
placenta pevia
163
risk factors placenta previa
multiparity, C-section
164
vasa previa
fetal vessels run over cervical os
165
presentation vasa previa
painless vaginal bleeding, fetal bradycardia, membrane rupture
166
velamentous umbilicar cord insertion
inserts in chorioamniotic membrane rather than placenta
| fetal vessels travel to placenta unprotected by Wharton jelly
167
causes postpartum hemorrhage
tone-uterine atony
trauma
thrombin
tissue (retained products)
168
risk factors ectopic pregnancy
```
prior
infertility
salpingitis
ruptured appendix
prior tubal surgery
```
169
causes polyhydraminos
duodenal atresia, anencephaly, maternal diabetes, fetal anemia, multiple gestations
170
incidence of pre-eclampsia
HTN, diabetes, chronic renal disease, autoimmune disorders
171
death of mother in eclampsia
stroke, intracranial hemorrhage or ARDS
172
hepatic subcapsular hematomas
associated with HELLP
| results in severe hypotension
173
prognosis gyn in worst
ovarian>endo>cervical
174
incidence gyn cancers
endo>ovarian>cervical in US
| cervical more common worldwide
175
vaginal SCC
secondary to cervical SCC
176
post coital bleeding
cervical cancer
177
risk factors cervical cancer
multiple sex partners, smoking, sex young, HIV
178
lateral invasion cervical cancer
block ureters causing renal failrue
179
cancer PCOS
endometrial cancer due to unopposed estrogen
180
induce ovulation in PCOS
clomiphene and metformin
181
most common ovarian mass in young women
follicular cyst
182
cause of theca-lutein cyst
gonadotropin stimulation
| associated with choriocarcinoma and hydatidiform moles
183
bilateral mass with fallopain like epithelium
serous cystadenoma
184
multilobualted mass
mucinous cystadenoma
185
pale yellow-tan with coffee bean nuclei
brenner tumor
186
spindle shaped fibroblasts
fibromas
| pulling sensation in groin
187
Meigs syndrome
ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
188
abnormal bleeding post menopause and produce estrogen
thecoma-like granulosa cell tumors
189
most common malignant stromal tumor
granulosa cell
190
histology granulosa
call-exner bodies
| granulosa cells haphazardly around collection of eosinophilic fluid
191
psammoma bodies
serous cystadenocarcinoma
192
pseudomyxoma peritonei
intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous materal from ovarian or appendiceal tumor
193
dysgerminoma
in adolescents
sheets of fried egg cells
LDH and hCG
194
marker yolk sac
AFP
195
yellow hemorrhagic mass
yolk sac
| Schiller-Duval bodies
196
mets to ovaries
Krukenberg tumor
197
extension of endometrial tissue into uterine myometrium
adenomyosis
198
treatment adenomyosis
GnRH agonists, hysterectomy, excision
199
adhesion or fibrosis of endometrium
Asherman
200
associations Asherman syndrome
dilation and curettage
201
benign smooth muscle tumor
leiomyoma
| estrogen sensitive
202
histology leiomyoma
whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles
203
associations endometrial carcinoma
prolonged estrogens, obesity, diabetes, HTN, nulliparity, late menopause, early menarche, Lynch syndrome
204
treatment endometritis
genta+clinda+/-ampicillin
205
fibrocystic changes
simple cysts
papillary apocrine metaplasia
stromal fibrosis
206
sclerosing adenosis
calcifications
| slight increase for cancer
207
epithelial hyperplasia
terminal ductal or lobualr epithelium
| risk of carcinoma with atypical cells
208
small, mobile mass that changes size with estrogen
fibroadenoma
209
most common cause of nipple discharge
intraductal papilloma
210
phylloes tumor
connective tissue and leaf like lobulations
| some may become malignant
211
risk factors breast cancer
increase estrogen exposure, increase menstrual cycles, older age at 1st live birth, obesity
212
triple negative
AA
213
microcalcifications on mammography
ductal carcinoma in situ
214
Paget disease
underlying DCIS or invasive breast cancer
| eczematous patches
215
rock hard masswith stellate infiltration
invasive ductal carcinoma
216
histology invasive lobular carcinoma
row of cells due to decrease in E cadherin
| often bilateral
217
fleshy cellualr lymphocytic infiltrate
medullary carcinoma
218
abnormal curvature of penis due to fibrous plaque in tunica albuginea
Peyronie
219
associations priapism
sickle, medications
220
treatment priapism
corporal aspiration, intracavernosal phenylephrine, or surgical decompression
221
precursor squamous cell carcinoma of penis
Bowen, erythroplasia of Queyrat, Bowenoid
222
associations SCC penis
uncircumcised and HPV
223
risk cryptorchidism
germ cell tumors
224
labs cryptorchidism
decrease inhibin B incerase FSH LH
225
orchiopexy
contralateral testis is at risk so should be bilateral
226
varicocele
dialted veins in pampiniform plexus due to increase venous pressure
227
diagnosis varicocele
augmented by valsalva
228
locations extragonadal germ cell tumors in adults
retroperitoneum, mediastinum, pineal, suprasellar
229
extragonadal in infants
sacrococcygeal teratomas
230
cause congential hydrocele
incomplete obliteration of processus
231
spermatocele
cyst due to dilated epididymal duct or rete testis
232
risk factors testicular germ cell tumors
Klinefleter, cryptorchidism
233
histology and labs seminoma
ALP, fried egg
| excellent prognosis
234
yolk sac
yellow, Schinner-Duval, increase AFP
| <3 yo
235
choriocarcinoma
mets to lungs and brain
| may produce gynecomastia and hyperthyroidism
236
malignant hemorrhagic mass with necrosis
embryonal carcinoma
hCG or AFP
glandular morphology
237
golden brown, Reinke crystals
Leydig cell tumor
238
most common testicular cancer in older men
testicular lymphoma
239
labs osteoblastic mets
increase ALP and PSA
240
testosterone adverse
increase LDL and decrease HDL
241
causes blue tinted vision
PDE inhibitors
