Path/Pharm Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
histology apoptosis
A
eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nucleus
2
Q
DNA laddering
A
fragments in multiples of 180
indicator of apoptosis
3
Q
BAX and BAK
A
pro apoptotic
4
Q
extrinsic death receptor pathway
A
ligand (FasL/Fas) or TNF-alpha
5
Q
defective Fas-FasL
A
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
6
Q
histology coagulative necrosis
A
cell outlines with no nuclei
increase eosin
7
Q
cause of fibrinoid necrosis
A
type III HSR
seen in vasculitis, pre-eclampsia, malignant HTN
8
Q
histology fibrinoid necrosis
A
vessel walls and thick and pink
9
Q
cause of cellular swelling
A
decrase ATP leads to decrease activity Na/K and Ca pumps
10
Q
reperfusion
A
red infarct
damage from free radicals
11
Q
associated conditions dystrophic calcification
A
TB, shistosomiasis, congenital CMV, toxo, rubella, CREST, psammoma bodies
12
Q
margination and rolling
A
e-selectin from TNF and IL-1
p-selectin
CD34
13
Q
tight binding
A
ICAM-1 and VCAM-1
decreased in decreased CD18
14
Q
PDGF
A
secreted by activated platelets and macrophages
stimulates fibroblasts
15
Q
FGF
A
angiogenesis
16
Q
EGF
A
growth via tyrosine kinases
17
Q
TGF-beta
A
angiogenesis and fibrosis
18
Q
formation granuloma
A
Th1 secrete IFN gamma
macrophages secrete TNF alpha
19
Q
hypercalcemia from granuloma
A
due to calcitriol
20
Q
exudates
A
cloudy due to lymph obstruction, inflammation, malignancy
21
Q
ESR
A
inflammation products coat RBCs and cause aggregation
22
Q
secondary amyloidosis
A
in inflammatory conditions
fibrils of amyloid a
23
Q
dialysis amyloidosis
A
beta 2
may present as carpal tunnel syndrome
24
Q
familial amyloid polyneuropathies
A
due to transthyretin gene mutaiton
25
islet amyloid polypeptide
in T2DM
| caused by deposition of amylin in pancreatic islets
26
cause of lipofuscin
oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes
27
hamartoma
disorganized growth in native location
28
choristoma
normal tissue in foreign location (Meckel)
29
acanthosis nigrans association
gastric adenocarcinoma and other visceral malignancies
| insulin resistance and obesity
30
seborrheic keratoses
GI adenocarcinoma and other visceral malignancies
31
PTHrP paraneoplastic
squamous cell of head, neck, lung
| renal, bladder, breast, and ovarian
32
incrase calcitriol paraneoplastic
lymphoma
33
increase EPO paraneoplastic
renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheo, leiomyoma
34
thymoma paraneoplastic
hypogammaglobulinemia (Good syndrome), pure red aplasia, migratory thrombophlebitis
35
anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
ovarian teratoma
36
dancing eyes, dancing feet
neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer
37
anti-Hu
small cell
38
breast
anti-Yo
39
Hodgkin lymphoma
anti-Tr
40
ALK
lung adenocarcinoma
41
BRAF
melanoma, non-Hodgkin, papillary thyroid
42
KRAS
GTPase
| colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer
43
mycl1
lung tumor
44
mycn
transcription factor
| neuroblastoma
45
CDKN2A
blocks G1-S
| melanoma and pancreatic cancer
46
DCC
colon cancer
47
DPC
pancreatic cancer
48
neurofibromin
NF1 (Ras GTPase activating)
49
PTEN
phosphatase of PIP3
| breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer
50
Li Fraumeni cancer
sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland
51
TSC1
hamartin
52
TSC2
tuberin
53
VHL
inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a
54
WT1
regulates urogenital development (nephroblastoma)
55
HTLV1
adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
56
psammoma bodies
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
meningioma
malignant mesothelioma
57
alpha fetoprotein
hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac, mixed germ cell
58
p glycoprotein
multidrug resistance protein, seen in adrenocortical carcinoma
59
mediators of cachexia
TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-6
60
carcinomas spread hematogenously
follicular thyroid
chorio
renal cell
hepatocellular
61
brain mets
lung>breast>melanoma, colon, kidney
| at grey-white junction
62
liver
colon>>stomach> pancreas
63
mixed bone met
breast
64
Km
inversely related to affinity
65
increase y intercept on Lineweaver
decrease Vmax
66
changes with competitive inhibitors
increase Km
| decrease potency
67
irreversible competitive and noncompetitive
decrease Vmax
| decrease efficacy
68
clearance
volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time
| rate/concentration=Vd(Ke)
69
half lives to reach steady state
4-5 half-lives
70
loading dose in renal and liver disease
decrease maintenance dose but loading dose is unchanged
71
permissive
presence of substance A required for full effects of substance B
cortisol and catecholamine
72
zero order elimination
constant amount of drug
| phenytoin, ethanol, aspirin
73
first order elimination
directly proportional to drug concentration (fraction)
| applies to most drugs
74
weak acids
phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin
trapped in basic
treat with bicarb to alkalinize urine
75
weak bases
amphetamines, TCAs
trapped in acidic
treat with ammonium to acidify urine
76
phase I
reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis
| geriatric lose phase I
77
phase II
conjugation through methylation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation making polar metabolites (slow acetylators have increased side effects)
increased in geriatric
78
left shifting potency
increased potency
| decrease drug needed
79
therapeutic index
TD/ED
higher TI are safer
low TI-warfarin, theophylline, digoxin
80
nicotinic Ach receptors
ligand-gated Na/K channels
| found in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla
81
muscarinic Ach receptors
G protein coupled receptors
82
beta 3
increase lipolysis, thermogenesis, bladder relaxation
| Gs
83
dopamine receptors
si
D1 renal relaxation, direct in striatum
D2 inhibits direct in striatum
84
histamine receptors
qs
85
vasopressin
qs
| V2 at tubules
86
NET
two ways
| into vesicles and then out of vesicles once they have met NE into synaptic cleft
87
neostigmine
no CNS penetation
88
pyridostigmine
gets rid of myasthenia gravis
| does not penetrate CNS
89
organophosphates (parathion)
irreversibly inhibit AchE
| antidote-atropine and pralidoxime
90
glycopyrrolate
for preop secretion
drooling, peptic ulcer
muscarinic antagonists
91
hyoscyamine
antispasmodics for IBS
92
dobutamine
inotropic>chronotropic
93
dopamine
low dose beta, high dose alpha
94
midodrine
alpha1
| causes hypotension
95
mirabegron
beta3
| treat overactive bladder
96
ephedrine
releases stored catecholamines
| indirect general agonist
97
reflex tachy
norepi
| also increase PP and MAP
98
MAP decrease
isoproterenol
99
rebound hypertension with abrupt cessation
clonidine, guanfacine
100
alpha methyldopa adverse
direct coombs + hemolysis
| SLE-like syndrome
101
phentolamine
reversible
102
mirtazapine
depression
| increases serum cholesterol and appetite
103
net depressor effect
epinephrine and phentolamine
104
beta blockers in angina
decrease rate and contractility
105
beta blockers for variceal bleeding
nadolol, propranolol
106
dyslipidemia beta blocker
metoprolol
107
nebivolol
b1 with stimulation of b3 (activate nitric oxide synthase in the vasculature and decrease SVR)
108
teterotoxin
binds fast Na preventing depolarization
109
ciguatoxin
opens Na causing depolarization
| leads to reversal hot/cold sensations, heart block, hypotension
110
scombroid poisoning
bacterial histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to histamine
mimics anaphylaxis
111
treatment arsenic
dimercaprol, succimer
112
beta blockers treatment
atropine, glucagon
113
cyanide treatment
nitrite+thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin
114
lead treatment
EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
115
methanol, ethylene glycol
fomepizole>ethanol, dialysis
116
causes coronary vasospasm
amphetamines, cocaine, ergot alkaloids, sumatriptan
117
cutaneous flushing causes
vancomycin, adenosine, niacin, nitrates, Ca channel blockers, echinocandins
118
causes hot flashes
tamoxifen, clomiphene
119
causes hyperglycemia
tacrolimus, protease inhibitors, niacins, HCTZ, corticosteroids
120
cause acute cholestatic hepatitis
erythromycin
121
focal to massive hepatic necrosis
halothane, amanita (death cap mushroom), valproic acid, acetaminophen
122
drugs cause hepatitis
rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, statins, fibrates
123
drugs cause pancreatitis
didanosine, corticosteroids, alcohol, valproic acid, azathioprine, diuretics
124
pill induced esophagitis
bisphosphonates, ferrous sulfate, NSAIDs, potassium chloride, tetracyclines
125
pseudomembranous colitis
ampicillin, cephalosporins, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones
126
CYP inducers
alcohol
St. John
phenytoin, phenobarbital, nevirapine, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine
127
sulfa drugs
sulfonamide, sulfasalazine, probenecid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazides, sulfonylureas
128
agranulocytosis
clozapine, carbamazepine, propylthiouracil, methimazole, colchicine, ganciclovir
129
aplastic anemia
carbamazepine, methimazole, NSAIDs, benzene, chloramphenicol, propylthiouracil
130
DRESS
allopurinol, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, sulfa drugs
131
hemolysis in G6PD
isoniazid, sulfonamides, dapsone, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin
132
megaloblastic anemia
hydroxyurea, phenytoin, methotrexate, sulfa drugs
133
gingival hyperplasia
phenytoin, Ca channel blockers, cyclosporine
134
hyperuricemia
pyrazinamide, thiazides, furosemide, niacin, cyclosporine
135
myopathy
statins, fibrates, niacin, colchicine, daptomycin, hydroxychloroquine, IFN-alpha, penicillamine, glucocorticoids
136
osteoporosis
corticosteroids, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, GnRH agonists, aromatase inhibitors, anticonvulsants, heparin
137
photosensitivtiy
sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracyclines, 5FU
138
rash-SJS
anti-epileptic, allopurinol, sulfa drugs, penicillin
139
SLE
sulfa drugs, hydralazine, isoniazid, procainamide, phenytoin, etanercept
140
parkinson like
antipsychotics, reserpine, metoclopramide
141
seizures
isoniazid (B6), bupropion, imipenem, tramadol, enflurane
142
fanconi syndrome
cisplatin, isofamide, expired tetracyclines, tenofovir
143
hemorrhagic cystitis
cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
144
interstitial nephritis
penicillins, furosemide, NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors, sulfa drugs
145
pulmonary fibrosis
methotrexate, nitrofurantoin, carmustine, bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone
146
disulfuram like reaction
sulfonylureas, procarbazine, cephalosporins, griseofulvin, metronidazole
147
nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity
aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop diuretics, cisplatin, ampho B
