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Endocrine Random Flashcards

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1
Q

endoderm derivatives neck

A

thyroid and parafollicular cells

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2
Q

embryo adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

medulla adrenal embryo

A

neural crest

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4
Q

common alpha subunit

A

TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

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5
Q

basophils

A

FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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6
Q

transport posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin transported by neurophysin

derived from neuroectoderm

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7
Q

synthesis insulin

A

RER, stored in secretoy granules

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8
Q

insulin dependent transporters

A

GLUT 4

adipose, striated muscle

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9
Q

sympathetics regulation insulin

A

alpha 2 decrease release

beta 2 increase release

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10
Q

tesamorelin

A

GH analog used to treat HIV lipodystrophy

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11
Q

prolactin inhibition in males and females

A

inhibits GnRH synthesis and release

inhibits ovulation and spermatogenesis

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12
Q

increased GH

A

exercise, deep sleep, puberty, hypoglycemia

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13
Q

leptin

A

produced by adipose tissue

sleep deprivation decreases leptin (leptin regulates satiety)

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14
Q

endocabinoid receptors

A

in hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens

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15
Q

ADH on osmolarity

A

decrease serum and increase urine

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16
Q

differentiation in 21 and 11 beta hydroxylase

A

salt wasting and increased renin in 21

decreased renin in 11 and increased BP

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17
Q

exogenous corticosteroids micro

A

reactivated TB and candidiasis

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18
Q

affect of pH on calcium

A

increase pH leads to hypocalcemia due to change in albumin affinity

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19
Q

PTH on osteo

A

increase RANKL secreted by osteoblasts, binds RANK on osteoclasts

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20
Q

magnesium on PTH

A

mild decrease Mg increases PTH

severely decreased decreased Mg

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21
Q

systemic T3

A

increase beta1 receptors

increase BMR through Na/K ATPase activity

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22
Q

thyroid binding globulin

A

increased in OCP

decreased in hepatic failure and steroids

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23
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff

A

excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase

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24
Q

cAMP signaling

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH

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25
cGMP signaling
BNP, ANP, EDRF, NO | BAD GraMP
26
IP3 signaling
GnRH, oxytocin, TRH, Histamine, Angio II, Gastrin | GOAT HAG
27
intracellular receptor
Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, T3/4, vitamin D PET CAT on TV
28
receptor tyrosine kinase
insulin, FGF, PDGF, EGF
29
nonreceptor tyrosine kinase
prolactin, immunomodulators, GH, G-CSF, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin jak/stat PIGGLET
30
sex hormone binding globulin
decreased in women leads to hirsutism increased in men leads to gynecomastia increased by OCP and pregnancy
31
testing Cushing sydrome
decreased ACTH-tumor or exognous | high dose dexamethasone (no suppression in ectopic) but suppressed in Cushing disease (pituitary adenoma)
32
lab primary adrenal insufficiency
low cortisol, high ACTH
33
lab secondary adrenal insufficiency
low cortisol, low ACTH
34
metyrapone test
decrease 11-deoxy and increase ACTH in primary decrease both in secondary normal is decrease cortisol and increase ACTH
35
most common cause Addison in developing world
TB
36
secondary adrenal insufficiency
no hyperkalmeia due to preserved RAAS | no skin pigmentation
37
neuroendocrine tumors contents
amine precursor uptake decarboxylase APUD
38
neuroblastoma
neural crest cell origin can cross midline overexpression n-myc
39
histology neuroblastoma
Homer Wright rosettes (and in medulloblastoma)
40
germline mutations associated with pheo
NF-1, VHL, RET (MEN 2A/B)
41
cancer risk Hashimoto
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B cell origin)
42
histology Hashimoto
Hurthle cells, lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers
43
hypersensitivity Graves
type II
44
source of pretibial myxedema
increased fibroblasts
45
HLA Graves
DR3, B8
46
Jod Basedow
thyrotoxicosis in patient with iodine deficiency and partially autonomous opposite of Wolff-Chaikoff
47
histology papillary carcinoma
empty nuceli, psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves | RET and BRAF mutations, history of radiation
48
genetics follicular carcinoma
RAS
49
histology medullary carcinoma
calcitonin, sheets of cells in amyloid stroma | stains Congo red
50
pseudohypoparathyroidism
Albright hereditary shortened 4/5 digit and short stature defect in Gs causing end organ resistance to PTH from mother due to imprinting (1A), normal PTH if inherited from father
51
osteitis fibrosa cystica
cystic bone with brown fibrous tissue consisting of osteoclasts and hemosiderin from hemorrhages due to increase PTH
52
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
defective G coupled Ca sensing receptors, higher than normal Ca levels required to turn off PTH
53
Nelson syndrome
enlargement of ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma after bilateral adrenalectomy presents with hyperpigmentation, HA, bitemporal hemianopia
54
acromegaly cancer
increased colorectal polyps and cancer | HF most common cause of death though
55
Laron syndrome
defective growth hormone receptors | saddle nose, prominent forehead, delayed skeletal maturation, small genitalia
56
water deprivation test
central-increase after given ADH | little change in nephrogenic
57
treatment nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, amiloride, indomethacin
58
most common cause of death in DM
MI
59
osmotic damage DM
sorbitol acculumation in organs with aldose reductase or absent sorbitol dehydrogenase neuropathy and cataracts
60
histology T2DM
islet amyloid polypeptide deposits
61
symptoms DKA
Delirium Kussmaul respirations dehydration
62
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
seen in elderly hyperglycemia and increase serum osmolality without acidosis give insulin
63
symptoms glucagonoma
dermatitis diabetes DVT declining weight and depression
64
association insulinoma
MEN1
65
presentation somatostatinoma
diabetes, steatorrhea, gallstones, achlorhydria
66
right sided valvular heart disease
tricuspid regurg, pulmonic stenosis
67
labs carcinoid tumor
niacin def | 5-HIAA
68
secretin test
gastrin levels remain high in ZE after secretin administration
69
association ZE
MEN 1
70
inheritance MEN
dominant
71
MEN1
pituitary pancreatic endocrine parathyroid Ch 11 tumor suppressor
72
MEN2A
parathyroid medullary pheo
73
MEN2B
medullary pheo neuromas (mucosal) marfinoid habitus
74
lactic acidosis metformin
from renal insufficiency
75
disulfuram diabetes
first gen sulfonylureas
76
diabetes pancreatitis
GLP-1 analogs | exenatide
77
diabetes urinary and respiratory infections
DPP-4 inhibitors | gliptins
78
ions SGLT2 inhibitors
flozin | hyperkalemia
79
thioamides in pregnancy
PTU in first trimester | methimazole in second and third trimesters
80
cause aplasia cutis
methimazole
81
fludricortisone
aldo with little gluco effects | used in primary adrenal insufficiency
82
cinacalet
sensitizes Ca sensing receptor

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