Learn from your mistakes Flashcards
(473 cards)
1
Q
mushroom toxin
A
binds DNAP II
inhibits mRNA formation
2
Q
location spinal accessory
A
posterior traingle
3
Q
connection osteocytes
A
gap junctions
4
Q
cause of insulin resistance in pregnancy
A
human placental lactogen
5
Q
cause thoracic outlet syndrome
A
scalene muscles
6
Q
fracture orbital floor
A
damage to infraorbital
loss of sensation over lip
7
Q
bladder in MS
A
hypertonic
8
Q
causes of vitamin A deficiency
A
obstruction of biliary tract
malabsorption
9
Q
cause of gout
A
PRPP synthase problem
neutrophils responsible for gout symptoms
10
Q
increased AFP and AchE
A
detects NT defects
11
Q
causes of red cell aplasia
A
parvo B19, thymomas, lymphocytic leukemias
12
Q
pattern of unstable relationships, self-image
A
borderline personality disorder
13
Q
origin elastase in lungs
A
macrophages
14
Q
supplemental O2 to COPD patient
A
hypercapnia that leads to V/Q mismatch and dead space ventilation
15
Q
location enzymes for glycolysis, FA synthesis, PPP
A
cytosol
16
Q
porphyria cutanea tarda
A
photosensitivity due to accumulation of porphyrinogens
due to uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency
17
Q
frothy diarrhea
A
lactose intolerance
18
Q
external rotation
A
infraspinatus
supplied by suprascapular nerve
19
Q
estrogen on T4
A
increased TBG causing decreased free T4/T3
20
Q
location schwannoma
A
cerebellopontine angle
21
Q
true diverticulum
A
Meckels diverticulum
22
Q
depersoanlization disorder
A
persistent depersonalization and derealization
23
Q
histology Zoster
A
intranuclear inclusions and multinucleated cells on Tzanck smear
24
Q
dysdiadochoknesia
A
cannot perform rapidly alternating from cerebellar lesion
25
accumulation of globotriaosylceramide
Fabry due to alpha galactosidase deficiency
26
midline episiotomy
cuts perineal body
27
COPD and EPO
increased due to hypoxia
28
dopamine agonists
pramipexole and bromocriptine
29
necessary for FA synthesis
NADPH
| comes from PPP
30
sphincter of Oddi spasm
morphine causes it
31
inhibit androgen receptor binding
flutamide, cyproterone and spironolactone
32
amino acids in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
ketogenic amino acids
| lysine and leucine
33
smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerosis
PDGF from endothelail cells, platelets, and macrophages
34
leukemoid reaction
basophilic oval inclusions in mature neutrophils
35
failure to obliterate omphalomesenteric duct
Meckel diverticulum
36
leukocyte adhesion deficiency
leukocytosis
| failure to form pus from CD18 defect
37
results ureter obstruction
increase pressure in Bowman's space
| decreased GFR and FF
38
dermatomyositis as paraneoplastic syndrome
ovarian, lung, colorectal, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
39
cystinuria
defective cysteine, ornithine, lysine, arginine
| increased kidney stones
40
causes of ESR
from macrophage released inflammatory markers
| IL6, TNF alpha, IL1
41
locations osteomyelitis
kids-metaphasis
| adults-epiphyseal
42
cholesteatomas
squamous cell debris
| pearly mass behind tympanic membrane, leads to hearing loss
43
origin renal cell carcinoma
from proximal tubule
| risk factors-obesity and smoking
44
tryptophan precursor
for serotonin
| can get serotonin storm from MAOI or SSRI
45
bypass folate deficiency
give thymidine supplementation
46
cutaneous small vessel vasculitis from medication
leukocytoclastic vasculitis
47
restrictive cardiomyopathy causing diastolic dysfunction
amloid deposition
48
injury to prostatic plexus
erectile dysfucntion
49
shift to increase high oxygen affinity
erythrocytosis
50
S3
diastolic dysfunction
| heart at apex in left lateral decubitus at end of expiration
51
congential hydrocephalus
leads to macrocephaly, poor feeding, spasticity and hyperreflexia (UMN from lengthening pyramidal neurons)
52
drug induced lupus metabolism
slow acetylators
53
predictor of RPGN severity
age
54
compensation fructose def
hexokinase activity
55
Tay Sachs
no hepatomegaly
| buildup of GM2 ganglioside
56
Potter sequence
can occur from mother on ACEi
57
TNF alpha
activtes serine kinases
| inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation
58
projecting
attributing one's feelings to othrs
59
mesoderm
muscles, CT, cardio, blood, lymph, spleen, internal genitalia, kidneys, adrenal cortex
60
reticulocytes and B12
peak at 1 week
61
deficiency of dihydrobiopterin reductase
hyperphenylanemia and elevated prolactin
62
iliohypogastric nerve
from L1 lateral to upper psoas
| injury during appendectomy causes decreased sensation at suprapubic region
63
pulmonary fibrosis
thickening and airway widening due to increased outward pulling by fibrotic tissue-supernormal expiratory flow rates
64
subthalamic nucleus
component of basal ganglia
role in modulation of basal ganglia output
leads to contralateral hemiballism
65
most common cause of coronary sinus dilation
elevated right sided heart pressure from pulmonary HTN
66
proprionic acidemia
deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase
| low protein diet and minimal valine, isoleucine, methionine, and threonine
67
increase in pyruvate carboxylase
increased by acetyl CoA
68
complication aortic stenosis
A fib
| reduced LV compliance, dependent on atrial contraction to maintain LV filling
69
rheumatoid arthritis
impacts cervical spine
70
Kisselbach plexus
nasal septum
| cause of anterior nosebleeds
71
peak of aortic regurg
after aortic valve closure
72
cause of glial scar
from astrocytes
73
chronic hemolysis from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
iron deposition in kidney
74
histology intraductal papilloma
proliferation of papillary cells in duct or cyst wall with fibrovascular core
75
uridine supplementation
bypass enzyme defect in orotic aciduria
| AR disorder of de novo pyrmidine synthesis
76
GI and neuro symptoms
| reddish urine
acute intermittent porphyria
| defect in porphobilinogen deaminase
77
failure in ristocetin test
vWF
78
selective arteriolar dilators
sodium and fluid retention
| through stimulation of RAAS
79
systemic sclerosis
pulmonary hypertesnion develops
| intimal thickening of pulmonary arterioles
80
wedge on CT from renal infarct
thromboembolism from a fib
81
raltegravir
integrase inhibitor
| disrupts viral genome transcription
82
maintenance stage ATN
high volume, hypotonic urine
| leads to hypokalemia
83
secreted product activated macrophages in atheroma
metalloproteases
84
microsomal mono-oxygenase
cancer by pro-carcinogens from p450 system
85
alleviated pain by leaning forward
acute pericarditis
| leads to friction rub
86
Stewart Treves syndrome
cutaneous angiosarcoma
predisposing condition is radical mastectomy
results in chronic lymphedema in ipsilateral arm
87
niacin deficiency
low NAD and NADP
| dehydrogenase and reductase complexes use it as cofactor
88
akathisia
restlessness with inability to sit still
89
resting membrane
mostly K and a bit of Na
90
control postpartum hemorrhage
compress internal iliac (gives rise to uterine arteries)
91
Chiari malformations
lead to herniation
| chiari I presents in late adulthood
92
non-bacterial endocarditis
antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, DIC
93
maturity onset diabetes
glucokinase mutations
94
choreiform movements
rheumatic disease
95
clubbing from hypoxia
lung disease, heart diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases
96
compensation in nephrotic syndrome
increase lipoprotein production
| causes hyperlipidemia
97
sepsis and ARDS
leakage of protein and fluid into alveolar space
98
NNRTIs
does not require activation
| most common-nevirapine and efavirenz
99
angiomyolipomas
associated with tuberous sclerosis
| also brain hamartomas and ash leaf skin patches
100
bluish neoplasm under nail bed
glomus
| modified smooth muscle in control of thermoregulation
101
cause of megaloblastosis
thymidine synthase deficiency
| b12 and folate
102
treatment subarachnoid hemorrhages
calcium channel blockers
103
germline mosaicism
passed onto offspring while somatic is not
104
ecological studies
for populations
| generate hypotheses but not conclusions
105
ST elevation I and aVL
lateral from left cricumflex
106
saddle anesthesia
block S2-S4 leading to loss of anal wink
| cauda euina
107
profound hypotension from rupture of free wall
hemipericardium and cardiac tamponade
108
urticaria
edema in superficial dermis
109
imbalance in emphysema
proteinases from macrophages and nuetrophils
110
highest O2 content
coronary sinus
111
lactic acidosis in septic shock
decreased ox phos
112
intraerythrocytic rings
can be seen in babesia
113
ubiquitin proteasome
MHC I and CD8T cels
114
predominant cell in noncaseating granulomas
CD4
| seen in sarcoidosis
115
nicoinic ligand gated
open after binding Ach
116
biphasic pattern and S100
schwannomas
| neural crest origin
117
indication of severity mitral regurg
audible S3
118
neutrophil Abs
found in Wegeners
119
supracondylar fractures with anterolateral displacement
injury to radial
| wrist drop
120
pulsus paradoxus
exaggerated drop in systolic BP
| seen in cardiac tamponade, asthma, COPD, constrictive pericarditis
121
treatment trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
inhibits sodium channels to recover from inactivation
leads to bone marrow suppression
122
babies to HBV mothers
high viral loads and HBeAg levels
123
nitrates
impact large veins to decrease preload
124
time elapsed from initial exposure or pathogenic insult
incubation period or latent period (noncommunicable)
125
crossing over within homologous regions
recombination between HSV
126
SCID
recurrent viral, fungal, or opportunistic infections (pneumocystis not seen in agammaglobulinemia)
127
type IV HSR
macrophages, CD4, CD8
128
panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks (social anxiety has fear of scrutiny and embarrassment)
129
hepatic encephalopathy and GI bleeding
from increased gut absorption
130
lowest pulmonary vascular resistance
when close to FRC
131
breathing in CHF
Cheyne stokes
132
failure of obliteration of processus vaginalis hernia
indirect
133
locus ceruleus
pigmented in posterior rostral pons near lateral floor of 4th ventricle
makes NE
134
MOA shiga and shiga like toxins
inactivate 60s ribosome
135
quick administration to hypoglycemic patients
glucagon
136
carotid massage
slows conduction through AV node
| prolongs refractory period to terminate re-entrant tachycardia
137
maximal intensity PDA
at S2
138
Broa location
caudal part of inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere
patient may present with right hemiparesis
139
gallstones in Crohn disease
terminal ileum leads to bile acid lost in feces
140
genetic chronic myeloproliferative disorders
JAK/STAT activation
141
family history of pulmonary arterial hypertension
inactivating BMPR2 mutation that leads to dysfunctional endothelial and smooth muscle proliferation
142
diabetic autonomic neuropathy on bladder
overflow incontinence due to impaired detrusor contractility or bladder outlet obstruction
143
renal ammoniagenesis
anaerobic oxidation leading to lactate accumulation
| glutamine metabolized to generate ammonium and bicarbonate
144
ureter in true pelvis
anterior to internal iliac artery
145
crossover study
treatments are switched
| includes a washout period
146
S3
during diastole due to rapid passive filling of ventricle
| during decompensated heart failure
147
result V/Q mismatch in PE
alkalosis and hyperventilation due to hypoxia
148
Patau manifestations
midline defects due to defect in fusion of prechordal mesoderm
holoprosencephaly, cleft lip/palate, omphalocele, polydactylyl, cutis asplasia (skin defect on scalp)
149
aspergillus
colonizing balls that shift when the patient changes positions
150
primaquine
kills hypnozoites that cause relapse in P vivax and P ovale
151
green color of sputum
from neutrophil MPO
152
tachyphylaxis from alpha 1 agonists
decreased production of Ne due to negative feedback, exacerbation of nasal congestion systems
153
sarcoidosis
erythema nodosum, arthralgias, hilar lymphadenopathy, elevated ACE
noncaseating granulomas in liver
154
causes of Down syndrome
meiotic nondisjunction, unbalanced translocations, mosaicism
155
source of obstruction in HCOM
anterior mitral leaflet and interventricular septum
156
diff sabin and salk
more IgA from sabin-live attenuated
157
chancroid from h. ducreyi
gray to yellow exudate
| painful
158
constriction of efferent arteriole
impede blood flow
| decrease RPF but increase FF
159
calories
carbs and protein 4
| fat 9
160
type III dysbetalipoproteinemia
without ApoE liver cannot remove chylomicrons
161
primase
DNA dependent RNAP
162
borderline personality disorder
unstable relationships, self-image and impulsivity
163
injury to superior gluteal nerve
L4-S1 leaving pelvis through greater sciatic foramen above piriformis
from injections to superomedial quadrant of butt
164
injury to radial nerve
innervates extensors
| results in wrist drop
165
thiazolidinedione
decrease resistance through PPAR
| upregulates GLUT4 and adiponectin
166
hep D
defective replication
| must be coated by HBsAg
167
vWF
platelet adhesion by crosslinking platelet glycoproteins with collagen
168
causes of myopathy with elevated CK
hypothyroidism, muscular dystrophies, inflammatory muscle diseases, medications
169
HUS labs
decreased hemoglobin and haptoglobin
| increased lactate and increased unconjugated bilirubin
170
initial TB
growth inside cells
| IFN at 2-4 weeks
171
final stages of MI
deposition of type I collagen
| found in dermis, bone, tendons, ligaments, dentin, cornea, blood vessels, scar tissue
172
PD-1
binds PD-L1 downregualting immune response
| similar to CTLA-4
173
innervation lateral rectus
CN VI
174
results arteriolar vasodilators
sympathetic activation, activates RAAS and leads to fluid and sodium retention
175
production of ribose 5 phosphate
transketolase
176
AV fistula
decrease TPR, increase CO, increase VR
177
eosinophilia and aspergillus
increased in ABPA
| common in asthmatics and leads to proximal broncheictasis
178
MAO for treatment resistant
| signs of treatment resistant
mood reactivity
leaden paralysis
rejection sensitivity
179
draining proximal to dentate line
IMA and internal iliac lymph nodes
180
cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction
leads to Zenker diverticulum
| abnormal spasm or diminished relaxation of cricopharyngeal muscles
181
use of odds ratio
case control
182
best initial treatment for drug seekin behavior
medication history
183
gestational choriocarcinoma histology
cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts and dyspnea from hematogenous spread
184
stain for malabsorption
sudan III
185
use cilostazole
reduces platelet activation by inhibiting PDE
also vasodilator
good for patients with PAD
186
phenotypic mixing
coinfection by 2 viral strains
exchange nucleocapsids
genetic material not passed on
187
first line for gouty arthritis
NSAIDS
188
acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
fever, chills, chest and/or back pain, hemoglobinuria, complement mediate cell lysis
type II HSR
189
vitamin E def
mimic Friedreich ataxia
| degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts, degeneration of dorsal columns
190
primary central nervous system lymphoma
second most common cause of ring enhancing lesions with HIV
191
oral thrush, interstitial pneumonia, lymphopenia
vertical transmission of HIV in baby
192
urea in kidney
cortical impermeable
| transporters in medullary collecting duct acted on by vasopressin
193
follicular lymphoma
waxing and waning
| painless lymph node enlargement
194
carnitine deficiency
impairs FA transport preventing beta oxidation into acetyl coA
unable to synthesize ketone bodies
195
negative predictive value
probability of being free of disease if test is negative
196
ankylosing spondylitis
limits chest expansion
| monitor chest expansion
197
dual identification
done independently to ensure proper surgical site
198
lobes most dependent on gravity when supine
posterior segments of upper lobes and superior segments of lower lobes
199
preferential excretion by liver
drugs that are more lipophilic
200
cytokine in temporal arteritis
IL-6
201
normal lab values and degenerating bones
osteoporosis
202
treatment in asthma
leukotriene and Ach antagonists
203
blood flow in exercise
match pulmonary and systemic circulation
204
pneumococal vaccine
polysaccharide unconjugated
| T cell independent response
205
strongyloides in stool
rhaditiform (noninfectious)
206
decompensated heart failure
reduced CO leads to compensatory sympathetic and RAAS
207
transmigration
PECAM1
208
thrombosis of varicose veins
remains superficial
| more common complication is ulcer
209
cognitive impairment and drugs
get social worker involved
210
MOA lidocaine
inactivated sodium channels
| preference for ischmeic areas
211
morning stiffness
less than 30 min in osteoarthritis
212
clubbing and cyanosis without BP or pulse discrepancy
large PDA complicated by Eisenmenger syndrome
213
flank pain in nutcracker
loss of antithrombin III resulting in hematuria and elevated lactate dehydrogenase
214
reabsorption of water
proximal tubule >60 regardless of hydration status
215
two sample t test
averages between groups
216
Kozak sequence
RccAUG as adenosine or guanine
| change leads to decrease initiation in beta thal
217
increase tricuspid regurg
inspiration
218
galactosemia
from galactose 1 phosphate deficiency
| leads to jaundice and E coli sepsis
219
brown pigment stones
common after bacterial infection of biliary tract, beta glucuronidase released from injured hepatocytes and bacteria
220
location thoracentesis
8/10/12
| too low and you get the liver
221
bacterial overgrowth from gastric bypass
deficiency of folic acid, B12, KADE
222
location beta 1 receptors
heart and JGA
223
ARDS cause
injury to alveolar pneumocytes leading from neutrophils leading to hyaline membranes
224
osteosarcoma characteristics
from Paget
| sunburst pattern and lifting of cortex
225
Jimson weed
anticholinergic toxin
| easily obtained drug of abuse
226
Cadherins
adhesion molecules that are calcium dependent
| form adherens junctions and desmosomes
227
knee dislocation
posterior and anterior dislocations popliteal artery is at high risk
228
sublimation
channeling in an appropriate way
| mature defense mechanism
229
location of action for PDE5 inhibitors
vascular smooth muscle of corpora cavernosa
230
serratus anterior
stabilizes and rotates teh scapula upwards
innervated by long thoracic nerve
damage leads to winged scapula
231
pancreas fluids
Cl and Bicarbonate exchanger
high low bicarb
low flow Cl
232
acute intermittent porphyria
deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase
| leads to increased PBG and ALA
233
electrolytes in DKA
hyperkalemia
| hyponatremia
234
blood diversion in cirrhosis
shift away from portal
increase in splenic vein
leads to splenomegaly
235
hydrophobic N terminal
accumulation in cytosol
236
blood smear alpha thalassemia
microcytic cells
237
androgen binding protein
from sertolic cells
| helps maintain high local concentration of testosterone
238
Glucagon signaling
increase cAMP
| Gs
239
red safranin O
stains cartilage, mast cell granules and mucin
240
vestige of gubernaculum in women
round ligament
| projects through inguinal canal to labia majora
241
PE acid base
respiratory alkalosis
242
idopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
injury to endothelium followed by narrowing and accelerated vascular injury
dilation of RV
results in pulmonary endothelial damage in young patient
243
acyl CoA synthase deficiency symptoms
cardiomyopathy
hypoketonic hypoglycemia
elevated TG
muscle weakness
244
MYC vs Ras
Ras is GTP
| MYC is transcription activator
245
increase Vmax on Lineweaver
decrease Y intercept
| 1/Vmax
246
lactulose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
acidifies GI tract turning NH3 into NH4
247
exertional leg pain
arterial ulcers
dermal atrophy
peripheral artery atherosclerosis
248
hoarseness from aneurysm at aorta
get recurrent laryngeal
innervates everything except cricothyroid
leads to posterior cricoarytenoid muscle dysfunction
249
thin walled cavity in lungs
Coccidioies in SW america
| can cause asymptomatic infection or mild pneumonia
250
agrammatization
slow speech
found in lesion of Broca area
intact comprehension but poor repetition
251
unmyelinated nerve fibers
autonomic postganglionic nerves
| also slow pain, heat sensation, and olfaction
252
larger sample size decreases
standard error
| measure of variability around the mean
253
HLA digested by macrophages during antigen processing
invariant chain
| replaced by external protein to form MHC peptide complex
254
cause of Prader Willi
loss of father
| maternal uniparental disomy
255
role of transcription factors
cellular differentiation
| can also induce cells to revert to less specialized forms
256
results of pernicious anemia
from chronic gastritis leads to increased gastrin as compensation for low acid
decreased IF
257
clinical Gaucher
from accumulation of glucocerebroside accumulation
| leads to splenomegaly, pancytopenia, skeletal destruction
258
HIV and nephrotic
FSGS
collapsing glomerulopathy
leads to marked tubular injury and microcyst formation
259
treatment pneumothorax
chest tube
| positive pressure for ARDS
260
effect vitamin D
increase Ca and Po
| decrease PTH
261
draining maxillary sinuses
most common to cause infection
| semilunar in middle meatus
262
lengthened during relaxation
I band
| contains Z line
263
cause of mitral stenosis
rheumatic fever
| mid-diastolic murmur heart over apex when lying
264
atrophy of brain from chronic alcoholism
atrophy of anterior lobes and cerebellar vermis-leads to Parkinsonian tremor
265
painless lower GI bleeding
can be from Meckel diverticulum
266
characteristics of HCOM
LV myocardium
| normal coronary arteries
267
removal of primers
DNAP I
268
Lynch syndrome
colorectal cancer
ovarian cancer
endometrial cancer
269
symptoms alkaptonuria
AR defect in homogentisic acid
| darkened urine and osteoarthropathy
270
homocystinuria
marfinoid features
| defect in cystathionine beta synthase
271
drugs that don't cross the placenta
water soluble materials do not readily cross placenta
272
a fib
leads to loss of a wave
273
composition of regenerative nodules
hepatocytes
274
cystic hygromas
lymphatic malformations involve loose areolar tissue
| seen in turner, trisomies 18,13,21
275
decrease in transmembrane concentration gradient
causes closer to 0 for equilibrium potential
276
cause of lactose intolerance
downregulation of lactase production
277
MOA cyclosporine
inhibits IL-2 transcription
| inhibits calcineurin
278
autoregulation of kidney
increase in FF due to increase in GFR and decrease in RPF due to efferent constriction
279
cause of orthostatic hypotension
alpha 1 responsible
280
histology membranous glomerulonephritis
spikes and domes
| immune complexes with gaps between dark staining spikes
281
xerosis
winter itch
| moisturizing creams should be applied after bathing
282
transmembrane receptors
hydrophobic AA
| alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline, and glycine
283
spider angiomas
from estrogen excess
284
complications of endometriosis
infertility
| increased epithelial ovarian carcinoma but not endometrial
285
crypt abscess
UC
286
primary ovarian insufficiency
women <40 with amenorrhea
| follicular depletion through accelerated atresia (apoptotic process)
287
agglutination inhibition test
presence of agglutination is considered negative
288
paclitaxel in drug eluting stent
decreases intimal hyperplasia
| decrease rate of new endothelium forms over luminal surface
289
insulin and GLUT4
increase glucose transporter from intracellular vesicles to cell membrane
290
inferolaterally placed clavicle
due to deltoid
291
heterozygotes with MCAD
decreased MCAD activity leads to hypoketoic hypoglycemia
292
treatment hypokalemia in patient with furosemide
muscle cramps
| check electrolyte levels
293
psoas muscle
attaches to lesser trochanter
| spread of infection can cause pain in groin
294
varicella reactivation
HIV patients or immunocompromised
295
role of HLA
antigen presentation
296
joint space narrowing
osteoarthritis
| overactivity of metalloproteases
297
fixed ventilation and hypercapnia
due to increased dead space formation
298
cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas
renal cell carcinoma and pheo
| VHL syndrome
299
location Kayser-Fleischer rings
cornea
300
widening of mediastinum and abnormal aortic countour
aortic dissection
| associated with uncontrolled HTN and Marfan syndrome
301
part of brain chronic alcohol consumption
cerebellum (vermis)
| from rhombencephalon
302
composition leucine zipper
basic AA and leucine at every 7th position
| is a transcription factor
303
carbon dioxide for pyrimidine synthesis
occurs in cytosol
glutamine, Co2 and carbamoyl phosphate
reaction catalyzed by CPS II
304
psoas muscle location
lateral to vertebral bodies
| pain illicit-appendicitis
305
linear IgG deposits in GBM
anti-GBM disease
306
greatest increase in risk for coronary artery disease
smoking
307
esophagus through diaphragm
with vagaus nerve
| aortic with thoracic duct and azygos vein
308
presentation von Gierke
hepatomegaly
fasting hypoglycemia
due to G6P def
309
small testes, gynecomastia, increased long bone growth
Klinefelter
310
most common sites intracerebral hemorrhage
thalamus and putamen
| pontine causes pinpoint pupils and loss of horizontal gaze
311
transformation zone
squamous non keratinized and simple columnar
| susceptible to metaplasia
312
origin Rathke pouch
surface ectoderm
| can present as prolactinoma
313
innervation of ear
vagus nerve provides cutaneous innervation to posterior part of external ear
the rest from trigem
314
side effects tamoxifen
endometrial hyperplasia
| risk of DVT
315
rapid onset anxiety
without medical history likely from medical condition than primary anxiety disorder (could be from hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypercortisol, pheo)
316
sign cardiac tamponade
drop in pulse amplitude during inspiration
| known as pulsus paradoxus
317
acute mesenteric ischemia
NADH inhibits dehydrogenase
| buildup of lactate leads to acidemia
318
budding yeast
crypto
319
necrotizing fasciitis
strep
| PYAR+
320
highest burden of atherosclerosis
coronary and lower abdominal aorta
321
adverse effect prostatectomy
get cavernous nerves and cause erectile dysfunction
322
increase TBG
increase total T4 (more bound)
| no decrease in T4 if patient remains euthyroid
323
beta blockers on glaucoma
on ciliary epithelium to decrease aqueous humor secretion (other muscles innervated by parasymp)
324
breathing work
```
stiff lungs (fibrosis, pulmonary edema, ARDS)-rapid shallow breaths
high resistance-asthma, COPD-slow breathing
```
325
gallstones in pregnancy
estrogen increase in cholesterol
| hypomotility from progesterone
326
compensation chronic severe aortic regurg
eccentric hypertrophy, increase preload, increase SV
327
risperidone amenorrhea
increase prolactin
| decrease GnRH
328
medication target CAH
target ACTH
329
hypotension from muscarinic receptors
NO release
330
sex determination
SRY encodes for testes determining factor
Sertoli makes anti-Mullerian (female suppressed)
Leydig-Wolffian and DHT for external genitalia
331
substances increased in anaphylaxis
tryptase (marker of mast cell activation)
332
artery off splenic
short gastric
| left epiploic has good anastomosis
333
MOA calcipotriene
vitamin D analog that inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and stimulate differentiation
334
protein M
inhibits phagocytosis and mediates adherence
335
colon cancer
right-occult bleeding
left-constipation and intestinal obstruction
rectosigmoid-hematochezia
tenesmus from rectal adenocarcinoma
336
acute ureteral constriction
decreases GFR and FF
337
imperforate hymen
incomplete degeneration of central portion of fibrous wall connecting walls of vagina
primary amenorrhea, normal secondary sexual characteristics and cyclic abdominal pain (hematocolpos)
338
right nasal hemianopia
from calcification or aneurysm of ICA, at peri-chiasm
339
acetylation of drugs
resistance to aminoglycosides
340
result of V/Q mismatch
alveolar hyperventilation
341
constrictive pericarditis on CT
calcification and thickening of pericardium
342
cause of motor fluctuations in Parkinson disease
drug response is unpredictable
| progressive nigrostriatal degeneration leads to decreased therapeutic window
343
ectopic pregnancy histology
uterus would look proliferative on D and C
| edematous stroma
344
repressor in lac operon
defective operator cannot bind repressor
constitutive expression
CAP must work for it to be active
345
aromatase deficiency
ambiguous genitalia for baby and hirsutism for mother
346
laboratory findings SCID
T cell low and hypogammaglobulinemia
347
lowest osmolarity in setting of ADH
DCT
348
supinator canal
contains radial nerve
| can be injured from repetitive pronation/supination
349
homogeneous pale pink cytoplasm in liver
chronic hep B (mallory bodies are more clumped)
350
landmark for LP
iliac crest
351
polycythemia vera
low EP
| overly sensitive to GF due to JAK mutations
352
MOA fibrates
PPAR alpha leads to decreased hepatic VLDL production
353
treatment PCOS
estrogen receptor modification
| spironolactone not used in woman trying to get pregnant
354
serum sickness
fibrinoid necrosis
acute serum sickness
decreased C3 levels
355
ecthyma granulosa
Pseudomonas
| common in immunocompromised patients with catheters
356
stimulus control
dissociate from nonsleeping activities
357
enzyme norepi to epi
PNMT
| stimulated by cortisol
358
cause of direct hernias
weakness of transversalis fascia
359
acoustic neuroma
from CN VIII
360
CIN
from HPV
| use protection
361
nifedipine
treat HTN without interfering with heart block
362
rings for hernias
external abdominal oblique for superficial
transversalis for deep
surgical repair through superficial (external oblique aponeurosis)
363
supraspinatus vs teres minor
teres-external and adduction
| supraspinatus-external rotation only
364
CML vs leukmoid
decreased alk in CML
| increased alk in leukemoid
365
dobutamine cardiac adaption
increased myocardial o2 consumption
366
type 1 IFN (alpha and beta)
in viral infections
decrease protein synthesis
only made in presence of dsRNA
367
optimal site for femoral nerve block
inguinal crease
| femoral provides innervation to quads
368
brachiocphalic obstruction
symptoms similar to SVC syndrome but only on R side
369
homocystinuria enzymes and cofactor
pyridoxine as cofactor-for cystathionine beta synthase
| restrict methionine
370
AV shunts on PV loops
increases preload and decreases afterload
| TPR is decreased due to bypassing of arterioles
371
check in metabolic alkalosis
urine chloride levels
372
niacin as cofactor
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase
373
ptosis, down and out, normal light in diabetic
from central ischemia
374
oxalate crystals
ethylene glycol poisoning
| seen in toxic renal injury
375
cause of cleft lip
failure of maxillary and intermaxillary
376
treatment tremulous patient
benzo administration
377
most specific antibody for rheumatoid arthritis
citrullinated peptides
378
treatment GBS
ampicillin can be given intrapartum
| penicillin still DOC
379
leuprolide
initial LH surge before suppression due to GnRH agonist and then negative feedback from continuous administration
380
complete mole
no fetal structures
| duplication paternal so 46xx
381
spinal pain at night
metastatic
382
derivative that binds to mu receptors
ACTH
| POMC forms endorphins, ACTH, and MSH
383
mutations that decrease 23BPG binding and increase hemoglobin oxygen
like fetal hemoglobin
| gamma does not bind 23BPG
384
RT-PCR
detect mRNA
385
adrenergic drugs
eye from alpha 1
| uterus from beta 2
386
acute treatment agitation and psychosis with delirium
haloperidol
387
damage to MLF
internuclear opthalmoplegia
| can occur from lacunar stroke in pontine stroke ipsilateral eye
388
result of left ventricular failure
fluid accumulation in lung interstitium and decreased compliance
389
IV fluid
increase end-diastolic sarcomere length
given in hypovolemic shock
increases preload
390
cardiac vegetations
fibrin deposition as nidus
391
hereditary hemochromatosis
HFE defect in intestinal iron absorption
392
predominant cell in sarcoidosis
CD4 T cells
393
prevention neonatal tetanus
vaccinating women
| transplacental IgG
394
drop in PaCO2 from ventilator
vasoconstriction to decrease perfusion and edema
395
presents with serum sickness like symptoms (joint pain, lymphadenopathy, urticaria)
hep B
396
Ladd bands and constriction
failure of midgut rotation around SMA
397
enzymes inhibited by lead
ferrochelatase and ALAD
398
cardiac ion pump failure
increase Ca and increase Na
399
cause of hemiballism
subthalamic nucleus
lacunar stroke
modulates basal ganglia
contralateral hemiballism (uncontrolled proximal limbs)
400
NNRTI
do not require activation
| nevirapine and efavirenz
401
angioedema from ACEi
due to bradykinin accumulation
402
pernicious anemia
pink in upper glandular component
403
uric acid stones
patinet with diarrhea has dehydration
| decrease pH makes them more concentrated in urine (pH increase conversion of urate salts into uric acid)
404
carotid massage
increase baroreceptor firing
| increase parasympathetic leads to increase in refractory period at AV node
405
cleavage of proinsulin
occurs in secretory granules
| results in C-peptide and insulin
406
HIV drugs that cause hyperglycemia
protease inhibitors (navir ending)
407
location transketolase
cytosol
408
hemophilia A
PTT
409
PCP MOA
NDMA antagonist
410
pelvic fractures
common to posterior urethra injury leading to inability to void
411
mediator in sepsis
TNFalpha
| along with IL-1 and IL-6
412
ipsilateral shoulder pain and Horner's syndrome
compression of autonomic ganglia by Pancoast tumors
413
acute mitral regurg compensation
afterload decrease
preload increase
SV increase
414
cause of DIC in pregnancy
release of tissue factor into maternal circulation
| amniotic origin associated with shock
415
genetics ataxia telangiectasia
DNA ds break repair
416
number of subjects
24/ER treatment
417
aldolase B def
no sucrose
418
internal laryngeal nerve
mediates afferent cough reflex
| can be injured from injury to piriform recess
419
common injury during hysterectomy
ureter
still able to void normally
results in flank pain
420
prevention tissue necrosis
alpha 1 blockers
| phentolamine
421
IL-2
stimulates NK cells
| reason of use in cancer treatment
422
MOA opiates
hyperpolarization by increased potassium efflux out of the cells
423
characteristic liquefactive necrosis
complete digestion
424
hemodynamics severe aortic stenosis
sudden decrease in preload due to loss of atrial contraction
425
caudal regression syndrome
lower extremity paralysis and incontinence
| from maternal diabetes
426
antibodies from vaccination
against hemagglutinin
| results in inhibition of binding
427
increased PWAP pressures
mitral stenosis
428
septic abortion
retained products
staph aureus infection
present with fever and uterine tenderness (unlike gardnerella)
429
sideroblastic anemia from isoniazid
ALAS deficiency
B6 degredation is a cofactor for this step
happens in mitochondria
430
systolic murmur increases with inspiration
tricuspid regurg
431
pellagra like symptoms in Hartnup
from niacin deficiency
432
nerve near psoas
femoral
| leads to decreased sensation on anterior thigh
433
lesions causing UMN
precentral gyrus, corticospinal tract, internal capsule
434
uncontrolled hydrocephalus
spasticity due to stretching of pyramidal tracts
435
labs in dactylitis
decreased haptoglobin
| increased indirect bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase
436
failure of endocardial cushions to fuse leading to single AV valve
ostium primum
| seen in Down syndrome
437
integrase inhibitors decrease
production of viral messenger RNA
438
porcelain gallbladder risk
adenocarcinoma of gallbladder
439
parvo virus aplastic crisis
from nonenveloped ssDNA
aplastic anemia-pancytopenia
aplastic crisis-just erythrocytes
440
anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab
goodpasture
| crescent on LM
441
matching method
decreases confounding bias
442
hepatocellular damage from anesthetic
halogenated
| present with centrilobar necrosis
443
diastolic heart failure
only end diastolic pressure increases
444
cause S4
LV hypertrophy due to decreased heart compliance
445
oculomotor palsy
posterior communicating artery aneurysm
446
removal of primers
poly I
447
IP3 association
PKC
| PLC before interaction with IP3
448
normal lab in ARDS
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
449
treatment homocystinuria
pyridoxine
450
immune response to listeria
cell-mediated
451
aVL and I
LCX MI
452
presentation Henoch-Schonlein
abdominal pain, jaw pain, purpura, and hematuria
453
primary hyperparathyroid
osteitis fibrosa cystica
| subperiosteal erosions affecting phalanges
454
MOA fidaxomicin
inhibits RNAP
| can be used to treat C diff
455
combination tonic-clonic and absence
treat with valproate
456
first line of treatment gout patient with PUD
cannot give NSAIDS
| give colchicine instead-results in nausea, diarrhea, vomiting
457
boronic acid containing dipeptide
bortezomib
| given to MM to cause cell apoptosis by acting as a proteasome inhibitor
458
field defect
embryologic defect leads to multiple defects disrupting adjacent tissue
459
supplementation in hereditary orotic aciduria
give uridine supplementation to bypass enzyme defect
460
MAAM COCO
timing of valves and open/close
| starting from bottom right
461
anxiety without sleepiness
long or medium acting benzos (loarzepam)
| long acting-DCF
462
maternal hyperglycemia
results in beta cell hyperplasia that can lead to hypoglycemia in the newborn
463
contribution to abscess
lysosomal content release by macrophages
leads to tissue damage
air fluid level helps diff from granuloma
464
acute pericarditis
friction rub
465
frontal lobe lesions
right-disinhibition
| left-apathy
466
risk for fungemia
neutrophils
| localized would be deficit of T cells
467
bacteria grow in hypertonic solution
enterococci
| from cytoscopy
468
labs Klinefelter
```
increse LH and FSH
increase estrogen (elevated estradiol leads to gynecomastia)
```
469
pathogenesis cholesterol gallstones
increase cholesterol
| decrease bile acids and decrease phosphatidylcholine
470
DOC adrenal crisis
dexamethasone
471
endothelial inhibition of aggregation
prostacyclin (PGI2)
472
most common tumor of liver (benign)
cavernous hemangioma
blood in variable size spaces lined by single epithelial layer
do not biopsy due to risk of fatal hemorrhage
473
spinal and sensory loss
syringomyelia
| ALS no loss of sensation
